10Phospholipids have been used to prepare liposomes. The use of phospholipids to stabilize 11 nanoemulsions may cause spontaneous formation of liposomes. The main objective of this study is to 12 develop a method to prepare phospholipid stabilized nanoemulsions in small scale (< 1 mL) and to 13 minimize the formation of liposomes. 14 A combination of hand extrusion and detergent removal methods was used in this study. Extrusion 15 through polycarbonate membranes was performed in two steps, firstly using membranes of 400 nm 16 followed by 200 nm membranes as the second step. Sodium cholate was used as a detergent to 17 solubilize the formed liposomes which was later removed via dialysis. Nanoemulsions were characterized 18 by measuring their particle size, polydispersity index and zeta-potential using Photon Correlation 19Spectroscopy and Cryo-TEM pictures. The stability of nanoemulsion stored under refrigeration was also 20 studied. 21Fifty-one extrusion cycles through polycarbonate membrane of 400 nm pore size followed by one-22 hundred fifty-three cycles through polycarbonate membrane of 200 nm produced nanoemulsions having 23 particle size below 200 nm (diameter). The nanoemulsions were found to be homogenous as depicted by 24 polydispersity index (PDI) value below 0.1. Similarly, the zeta-potential was measured to be above -30 25 mV which is sufficient to keep nanoemulsions stable for as long as 7 months when stored under 26 refrigeration. The Cryo-TEM pictures revealed 30 mM to be an optimum concentration of sodium cholate 27 to prepare homogenous nanoemulsions with negligible proportion of liposomes. 28It was concluded that this method could be established as a small scale method of preparing 29 nanoemulsions which will not only reduce the cost of preparation but also the disposal cost of toxic 30 chemicals used for functionalizing nanoemulsions for scientific research. 32 35Nanoemulsions are transparent or translucent systems generally covering a size range between 20-500 36 nm. Due to the small droplet size, the Brownian motion is sufficiently high to overcome the phenomena of 37 physical destabilization caused by gravitational separation, flocculation and/or coalescence [1][2][3][4]. When 38 the maximum droplet size of an emulsion is below 80 nm, it gains advanced properties compared to 39 conventional emulsions, such as optical transparency, high colloidal stability and large interfacial area to 40 volume ratio [5]. Nanoemulsions differ from microemulsions with respect to stability, preparation methods, 41 dilution behavior and temperature fluctuations. In addition, nanoemulsions are thermodynamically 42 unstable, but kinetically stable systems and require less surfactant than microemulsions. They are 43 sometimes referred to as 'approaching thermodynamic stability [5, 6]. 44Nanoemulsions have been extensively investigated as a promising drug delivery system for poorly water 45 soluble substances. They have been used in intravenous, oral and ocular drug administrations to reduce 46 drug side effects and...
Background: Postpartum depression(PPD)can be defined as non-psychotic depression occurring within a year after childbirth, characterized by low mood, unusual thoughts, feeling of guilt, unexplained anxiety, worthlessness, and other depressive symptoms. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, knowledge and risk factors of postpartum disorder. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 217 postpartum mothers in the outpatient department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale(EPDS). All the patients enrolled were directly interviewed using a structured questionnaire to identify the associated risk factors of postpartum depression. The data collected were checked for validity and analyzed using S.P.S. version 16.0. Results: Out of 217 patients, five women were found to have an EPDS(Edinburgh postnatal depression scale) score greater than 10. The prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 2.3%.Upon evaluation of knowledge about postpartum depression, 90.3% of women were found to have a poor level of knowledge and 8.8% had a good knowledge level. The statistically significant factors associated with postpartum depression were the lack of support from family and partners (p<0.005). Conclusion: There was a comparatively low prevalence of P.P.D. in Western Nepal. Majority of the mothers (90.3%) were found not aware of P.P.D. The present study concluded on the need for educational intervention among the mothers regarding P.P.D. in Western Nepal.
Background: Nepal is considered as a biodiversity hotspot with a multi-dimensional social system accompanied by vast amounts of plants and traditional knowledge regarding ethnobotanical practices. There are number of ethnic groups in Nepal whose culture is enriched by ethnobotanical knowledge that has been passed down over generations. Also, ethnobotanical knowledge is diverse in different regions of Nepal. The ethnobotany of Nepal and related archaic knowledge are of great importance to the advancement of local, national and global human society. In this study, we analyze ethnobotany in five districts within Annnapurna Conservation Area, Nepal's largest protected area.Methods: Information was extracted from relevant publications from the year 1995 to 2021 from electronic databases following the PRISMA framework. Those extracted data from thirty-two publications were analyzed systematically.Results: This study revealed that the temporal research trend has varied significantly and that the number of research in the accessible areas were relatively higher. Despite the high occurrence of research focusing on ethnomedicinal uses, other ethnobotanical research focusing on Non-timber forest products, wild edible foods are still lacking.Conclusions: Priority should be given to relatively unexplored research topics and lesser explored areas such as wild edible foods and non-timber forest products, and pharmacognosy in the future, so that the research gap will be addressed which ultimately brings out the real potentiality of the ethnobotanical sector of Annapurna Conservation Area.
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