Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast is primarily used as a supplemental tool to breast screening with mammography or ultrasound. A breast MRI is mainly used for women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, to help measure the size of the cancer, look for other tumors in the breast, and to check for tumors in the opposite breast. For certain women at high risk for breast cancer, a screening MRI is recommended along with a yearly mammogram. MRI is known to give some false positive results which mean more test and/or biopsies for the patient. Thus, although breast MRI is useful for women at high risk, it is rarely recommended as a screening test for women at average risk of breast cancer. Also, breast MRI does not show calcium deposits, known as micro-calcifications which can be a sign of breast cancer.
Bhimtal Lake situated in Uttarakhand, India, and has been devastated due to anthropogenic activities. In this study we examined the diversity and distribution pattern of zooplanktons in the Bhimtal Lake, along with evaluation of the relationships among different zooplankton groups and abiotic factors during the period September, 2013 to August, 2014. Sampling was done seasonally, during summer, winter and monsoon seasons, at three sites in Bhimtal lake. Sample analysis revealed the presence of 29 species of zooplankton including 16 species of Rotifers, 8 species of Cladocera and 5 species of Copepods. Rotifera group was the most dominant among all three groups. Positive co-relation was found between zooplankton growth with water temperature and pH while, there growth was adversely affected with increasing alkalinity, nitrates and dissolved oxygen. The diversity of Rotifers, Cladocera and Copepods were highest during summer, and was lowest during winter, while their density and biomass were found to be highest at the surface water during summer. It can be stated that the tropic nature of Bhimtal Lake may have been changed to mesotrophic conditions.
A bstract Introduction Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, life-threatening, allergic reactions affecting the skin and mucous membranes. SJS is considered to be a milder form with less than 10% of body surface area (BSA) involvement. We report successful management of two cases of SJS and TEN. Firstly, a case of a 24-year-old female who presented with rashes over face, chest, and upper limbs after the oral intake of ciprofloxacin and local application of moxifloxacin eye drops. She developed high-grade fever and difficulty in breathing requiring intubation and lung-protective mechanical ventilation and was treated with high-dose methylprednisolone, azithromycin, soframycin skin dressings, and topical ocular antibiotics. Secondly, another case of a 16-year-old female who developed bullous eruptions over the trunk, arms, hands, face, and sole involving 60% of BSA, after oral intake of albendazole. She was diagnosed as TEN and successfully managed with sterile silver nitrate, soframycin dressings, and antibiotics. Key message Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are life-threatening, allergic reactions affecting the skin and mucous membranes. Early identification, withdrawal of the suspected drug, and early transfer to a specialized center decrease mortality. How to cite this article Arora R, Pande RK, Panwar S, Gupta V. Drug-related Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Review. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(5):575–579.
Breast imaging is one of the prerequisites for providing high-quality breast health care. Choosing the appropriate investigation is central to diagnosing breast disease or the absence of it in women and men who present to health professionals for treatment. Patients with breast disease present to doctors of different subspecialties as well as general practitioners in our country. It is important therefore to provide uniform guidance to doctors in different health care setups of our country, urban and rural, government and private, for breast diseases to be diagnosed and treated optimally. These guidelines framed by the task group set up by the Breast Imaging Society, India have been formulated focusing primarily on the Indian patients and health care infrastructures. These guidelines aim to provide a framework for the referring doctors and practicing radiologists, to enable them to choose the appropriate investigation for patients with breast symptoms and signs. The guidelines encompass all aspects of breast imaging including mammography, breast ultrasound, breast magnetic resonance imaging, as well as breast interventions. Algorithms for investigation of specific common breast symptoms and signs have been provided in this document. The aim has been to keep this framework simple and practical so that it can guide not only subspecialists in breast care but also help doctors who do not routinely deal with breast diseases, so that breast cancer is not missed. Breast screening is an integral part of breast imaging and guidelines for the same have been incorporated in this document. In the absence of a population-based screening program in India, the guidelines to be followed for those women who wish to be screened by mammography have been provided. Overall, the aim of this document is to provide a holistic approach to standardize breast care imaging services in India.
The present study was aimed at the assessment of forest cover and land use changes in the catchment area of Bhimtal lake situated in the Kumaun region of Uttarakhand, India using multitemporal Landsat satellite images. The Landsat satellite images of year 1996 to 2015 were acquired and subjected to supervised classification into four different classes viz. urban, agriculture, forest and water body. The classified maps were verified through random field samples and google earth imagery. The images of study area were categorized into four different classes viz., settlement area, agriculture area, forest area and water body. The results revealed that during last 20 years, the settlement area has been increased from 9.70% to 18.38%, agricultural area has increased from 44.32% to 47.63% and forest area has been decreased 43.58% to 31.47%. The findings from the study will be useful for lake and landscape planning and can serve as a potential source of information to the policy makers of Uttarakhand.
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