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23Thermodynamic calculations, using the geochemical code PHREEQC coupled with empirical 24 equations for kinetics of cement hydration and slag reaction, were carried out to predict the 25 compositions of the hydrate assemblage and pore solutions of hydrating Portland cement and 26

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On a flat shallow seabed, sand spits and cuspate forelands with rhythmic shapes may develop and a barrier island can elongate alongshore, which significantly differs from the beach changes on coasts facing a deep ocean. In this study, the interaction between two circular sandy islands on a flat shallow seabed owing to waves was investigated by numerical simulation, focusing on the wave-sheltering effect of the islands themselves. The topographic changes caused by the interaction between two sandy islands were predicted using the BG model (a three-dimensional model for predicting beach changes based on Bagnold's concept).