This paper reports a millimeter (mm)-wave type-II dual-loop phase-locked loop (PLL) with low-power and low-complexity design for improving jitter-power performance and power efficiency. Unlike the typical type-II single-loop PLL using a tri-state phase-frequency detector (PFD) plus a charge pump (CP) that has several limits in high-speed operation, our proposed PLL features a dual-loop scheme to enhance its performance and operating speed at low power. Specifically, we propose a dynamic frequency detector (FD) and a phase detector (PD) in conjunction with voltage-to-current converters (VICs) to avoid the typical current-mode-logic (CML) circuitry for static power reduction. Prototyped in 65-nm CMOS process, the entire PLL dissipates 10.6 mW, of which the dynamic FD and PD merely consume 0.28 mW. The integrated jitter is 415.6 fs rms (10 kHz to 100 MHz) and the reference spur level is −53 dBc at a 26.4-GHz output. INDEX TERMS CMOS, dual loop, phase-locked loop (PLL), frequency detector (FD), phase detector (PD), figure-of-merit (FoM), millimeter (mm)-wave, voltage-to-current converter (VIC), voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), divider-by-4, dynamic latch.
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