Most animals exhibit innate auditory behaviors driven by genetically hardwired neural circuits. In Drosophila, acoustic information is relayed by Johnston organ neurons from the antenna to the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) in the brain. Here, by using structural connectivity analysis, we identified five distinct types of auditory projection neurons (PNs) interconnecting the AMMC, inferior ventrolateral protocerebrum (IVLP), and ventrolateral protocerebrum (VLP) regions of the central brain. These auditory PNs are also functionally distinct; AMMC-B1a, AMMC-B1b, and AMMC-A2 neurons differ in their responses to sound (i.e., they are narrowly tuned or broadly tuned); one type of audioresponsive IVLP commissural PN connecting the two hemispheres is GABAergic; and one type of IVLP-VLP PN acts as a generalist responding to all tested audio frequencies. Our findings delineate an auditory processing pathway involving AMMC→IVLP→VLP in the Drosophila brain.calcium imaging | FlyCircuit | GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners | polarity A uditory systems are critical to the behavior of many insects. In Drosophila melanogaster, acoustic communication is essential for making decisions related to mate selection (1-4). During courtship, male flies flap one wing to produce a complex pattern of airborne vibrations comprising sine song and pulse song (5, 6). The pulse song enables the female to determine whether her suitor is of the same species (7). Courting males also monitor their own sounds to fine tune the courtship song (8). The courtship song is detected by auditory sensory neurons linking the Johnston organ (JO) at the second antennal segment to the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) zones AB in the brain (9-12). It has been shown that the transient receptor potential vanilloid channels (Inactive and Nanchung) and a no mechanoreceptor potential C TRP channel expressed in JO-AB neurons are essential for normal acoustic transduction (13-16).Four different projection neurons (PNs) innervating the AMMC zones AB have been reported based on Gal4 expression patterns (12). The giant fiber neuron links AMMC zone A to the inferior ventrolateral protocerebrum (IVLP; a brain region defined by immunostaining of synaptic proteins) and thoracic ganglia; AMMC-A1 neuron connects AMMC zone A and the IVLP; AMMC-B1 neuron links AMMC zone B to the IVLP; and AMMC-B2 neurons are commissural neurons connecting AMMC zone B in both hemispheres. The intense innervations of the IVLP suggest that the IVLP functions as a second-level auditory processing center (12). More recently, stochastic labeling of 16,000 single neurons in the entire fly brain revealed that many AMMC PNs terminate at the caudoventrolateral protocerebrum (CVLP; a brain region analogous to IVLP and defined by clustered local neurons) (17), suggesting that the IVLP/CVLP region may be involved in auditory functions. However, a structural and functional map of cell-to-cell connectivity is first required to determine the direction of information flow,...
This paper describes the development of nucleic acid detection in paper using a combination of commercial fluorescent probes and DNA ladders, and provides us with a better understanding of the interactions between double-stranded DNA (the amplified products in this study), fiber structures in paper, and fluorescent probes. The amplified products (the reverse-transcription and amplification of dengue virus serotype-2 RNA via RT-LAMP) in this study were subsequently fluorescently labeled in paper-based test zones (on our paper-based diagnostic device), thus fluorescent probes were used to perform the diagnosis of dengue fever, specific to serotype-2.
This review describes the microfluidic techniques developed for the analysis of a single cell. The characteristics of microfluidic (e.g., little sample amount required, high-throughput performance) make this tool suitable to answer and to solve biological questions of interest about a single cell. This review aims to introduce microfluidic related techniques for the isolation, trapping and manipulation of a single cell. The major approaches for detection in single-cell analysis are introduced; the applications of single-cell analysis are then summarized. The review concludes with discussions of the future directions and opportunities of microfluidic systems applied in analysis of a single cell.
The development of optofluidic-based technology has ushered in a new era of lab-on-a-chip functionality, including miniaturization of biomedical devices, enhanced sensitivity for molecular detection, and multiplexing of optical measurements. While having great potential, optofluidic devices have only begun to be exploited in many biotechnological applications. Here, we highlight the potential of integrating optofluidic devices with synthetic biological systems, which is a field focusing on creating novel cellular systems by engineering synthetic gene and protein networks. First, we review the development of synthetic biology at different length scales, ranging from single-molecule, single-cell, to cellular population. We emphasize light-sensitive synthetic biological systems that would be relevant for the integration with optofluidic devices. Next, we propose several areas for potential applications of optofluidics in synthetic biology. The integration of optofluidics and synthetic biology would have a broad impact on point-of-care diagnostics and biotechnology.
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