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Conservative follow-up is recommended for UR under 1-year old except when there are repeated infections. The umbilical approach is enough for infants. Laparoscopic surgery is recommended in older children.

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Intractable aspiration is a life-threatening medical problem in patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID). Laryngotracheal separation (LTS) is a surgical procedure for the treatment of intractable aspiration which separates the upper respiratory tract from the digestive tract. We performed LTS for 14 patients with SMID to prevent intractable aspiration, performing two types of operation. The standard diversion procedure connected the upper trachea to the esophagus. The modified diversion includes closure of the proximal trachea and a high tracheostomy, avoiding a tracheoesophageal anastomosis. LTS was performed on 14 patients. Operations performed before the LTS included tracheostomy in four patients, fundoplication in six and gastrostomy in two. A standard diversion was performed in 11 patients and a modified diversion in 3. There were no operative complications. Eleven patients were safely transferred to home-care after their LTS. Twelve patients are still alive and two died some months after operation. One patient died from their primary disease and the other died a tracheo-innominate artery fistula (TIAF). We recently experienced a patient who was at high risk of developing a TIAF. LTS is an effective operation, preventing intractable aspiration in patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. The results are similar for the standard or modified diversion procedure with the procedure chosen being related to the initial tracheostomy site. The most serious complication is a lethal TIAF.

The ability to tissue engineer pancreatic islets in vitro, through use of PGA and TGP, that fully function in vivo to return diabetic-induced mice to state of normoglycemia has potential implications for the treatment type 1 diabetes.