Various hemostatic and vascular endothelial cell markers were measured in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), non‐DIC, or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and in healthy volunteers to examine the relationships between the hemostatic abnormalities or vascular endothelial cell injuries and the patients' outcomes. Although the plasma levels of soluble fibrin monomer, thrombin‐antithrombin complex, plasmin‐plasmin inhibitor complex, and D‐dimer were significantly increased in the DIC patients, there were no significant differences in these markers between the DIC patients who survived and those who died, suggesting that these markers might not be directly related to the patient outcome. The plasma thrombomodulin (TM) levels in the DIC and TTP patients were significantly higher than those in the healthy volunteers, and the plasma TM levels in the patients who died were significantly higher than those in the patients who survived. These findings showed that the TM level reflected the outcome, and that the outcome of the diseases underlying DIC and TTP might depend on vascular endothelial cell injuries. The plasma protein C and antithrombin activities were markedly reduced in the DIC, non‐DIC, and TTP patients who died compared to those who survived. These findings suggest that reduced plasma antithrombin and protein C activities are useful markers of systemic vascular endothelial injuries. Although the plasma tissue factor (TF) levels were significantly increased in the DIC patients, there was no significant difference in the plasma TF levels between the DIC patients who died and those who survived. In conclusion, we found that the outcome of the diseases underlying DIC and TTP is related to vascular endothelial cells, and that plasma TM, antithrombin, and protein C are useful markers for systemic vascular endothelial cell injury. Am. J. Hematol. 58:189–194, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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SUMMARYGaleola septeiitrionalis Reichb. f. grew and developed roots and leaves on the agar medium containing commonly used nutrients in the absence of its symbiotic partner when kept in appropriate atmospheric conditions. Glucose, glycerol, fructose, inositol, mannitol, mannose, ribose, sorbitol and xylose were utilized as carbon sources, arabinose, rhamnose and sorbose were not and galactose inhibited growth. Mixture of two monosaccharides in some combinations showed no synergistic effect though they had an additive effect.An amino acid mixture and urea were good nitrogen sources, but allantoin, ammonium salt and nitrate were poor ones. Nitrite and uric acid inhibited growth.Several vitamins did not affect growth when added to or deleted from the culture medium singly OT in combinations.Auxins improved growth immediately after germination and cytokinins showed no effect at this phase. The growth and development following this phase, however, were promoted by addition of cytokinins and not by auxins. Cytokinins given during this later phase induced rhizogenic growth at concentrations lower than 10' M and induced caulogenic growth at concentrations higher than 10^'^ M. Gibberellin at concentrations higher than 3 x 10~" M retarded growth.G. septentrionalis is considered to be a prototrophic heterotroph and its mycorrhizal fungus rnay act by supplying commonly known nutrients to this achlorophyllous orchid.