To predict future coastal hazards, it is important to quantify any links between climate drivers and spatial patterns of coastal change. However, most studies of future coastal vulnerability do not account for the dynamic components of coastal water levels during storms, notably wave-driven processes, storm surges and seasonal water level anomalies, although these components can add metres to water levels during extreme events. Here we synthesize multi-decadal, co-located data assimilated between 1979 and 2012 that describe wave climate, local water levels and coastal change for 48 beaches throughout the Pacific Ocean basin. We find that observed coastal erosion across the Pacific varies most closely with El Niño/Southern Oscillation, with a smaller influence from the Southern Annular Mode and the Pacific North American pattern. In the northern and southern Pacific Ocean, regional wave and water level anomalies are significantly correlated to a suite of climate indices, particularly during boreal winter; conditions in the northeast Pacific Ocean are often opposite to those in the western and southern Pacific. We conclude that, if projections for an increasing frequency of extreme El Niño and La Niña events over the twenty-first century are confirmed, then populated regions on opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean basin could be alternately exposed to extreme coastal erosion and flooding, independent of sea-level rise

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A new indicator dilution technique for measurement of cardiac output is described. Lithium chloride is injected via a central venous catheter and its dilution curve measured in arterial blood using a lithium-selective electrode. We assessed the lithium dilution cardiac output measurement (LiDCO) and a conventional thermodilution cardiac output measurement (ThDCO) by comparing the results of both with cardiac output determined by electromagnetic flowmetry (EMCO) under controlled laboratory conditions in 10 swine. They were monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter, femoral artery catheter and electromagnetic flowmeter placed around the ascending aorta. LiDCO, ThDCO and EMCO measurements were determined at baseline, in a hyperdynamic state produced by administration of dobutamine, at a second baseline and finally in a hypodynamic state induced by propranolol during deep anaesthesia. Data were analysed by linear regression analysis and the comparison method described by Bland and Altman; bias and precision of both LiDCO and ThDCO compared with EMCO were calculated by the method of Sheiner and Beal. The correlation coefficient between LiDCO and EMCO (0.95) was higher than that between ThDCO and EMCO (0.87). The precision value of LiDCO (0.04) was significantly less (i.e. better) than that of ThDCO (0.09). The results of this study indicated that LiDCO was more reliable compared with conventional ThDCO.

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The catalase reaction has been studied in detail by using myoglobin (Mb) mutants. m/e ‫؍‬ 34). This implies that O 2 is formed by two-electron oxidation of H 2 O 2 without breaking the O™O bond. Deuterium isotope effects on the catalatic reactions of Mb mutants and catalase suggest that the catalatic reactions ofMicrococcus lysodeikticus catalase and F43H/H64L Mb proceed via an ionic mechanism with a small isotope effect of less than 4.0, since the distal histidine residue is located at a proper position to act as a general acid-base catalyst for the ionic reaction. In contrast, other Mb mutants such as H64X (X is Ala, Ser, and Asp) and L29H/H64L Mb oxidize H 2 O 2 via a radical mechanism in which a hydrogen atom is abstracted by Mb-I with a large isotope effect in a range of 10 -29, due to a lack of the general acid-base catalyst.

The H64D/V68A and H64D/V68S mutants of Myoglobin are found to oxidize thioanisole with high enantioselectivity and reactivity. These mutants are also capable of enantioselective binding of alpha-methylbenzylamine, which mimics an expected sulfoxidation intermediate. The kinetic study of the amine binding shows that the Fe-O bond cleavage in the intermediate may be the chiral discrimination step of the sulfoxidation.

ollowing the development of drug-eluting stents (DES) the interventional cardiologist seems to have overcome the nemesis of restenosis. The First-InMan study and a randomized comparison of a sirolimuseluting stent (SES) with a standard stent for coronary revascularization reported complete inhibition of restenosis in simple discrete lesions at 6 months. 1,2 However, recent randomized clinical trials using DES for lesions with lowor intermediate restenosis risk reported restenosis rates ranging from 2.3% to 16.7%. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Furthermore, the number of DES used and the stent length required for each lesion are both substantially increasing based on the recent recommended policy of full lesion coverage to avoid any potential injury at the stent edges. popularity of DES technologies worldwide, the precise mechanisms responsible for DES restenosis remain unclear. Several case reports have highlighted the occurrence of stent fracture (absence or deformity of a stent strut inside the stent) at follow-up, especially in patients experiencing restenosis with SES, however, the incidence of fracture and its impact on restenosis are poorly understood. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors of restenosis following SES implantation and to determine the incidence and impact of stent fracture. We prospectively performed the SES implantation under intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) Guidance in Native coronary Artery Lesions (SIGNAL) study at the Fujita Health University hospital. Methods Study Design and EndpointsThe SIGNAL study was designed as a prospective, single-center, angiographic and IVUS follow-up study to evaluate the acute and late efficacy, as well as safety of deployment, of SES. The primary endpoint was angiographic restenosis. The principal clinical endpoint was a composite Circ J 2007; 71: 1669 -1677 (Received September 19, 2006 revised manuscript received July 5, 2007; accepted July 19, 2007 Although multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that minimal lumen area (min-LA) post (p=0.027), total stent length (p=0.003) and diabetes (p=0.032) were significant independent predictors of restenosis, univariate analysis showed that stent fracture was more common in the restenosis than in the non-restenosis groups (p=0.001).Conclusions Although min-LA post by IVUS, total stent length by QCA and diabetes are independent predictors for angiographic restenosis, stent fracture occurred in 4 lesions (2.4%) and all of them resulted in restenosis (31% of the restenosis). The impact of stent fracture and its potential role in the development of restenosis deserves further study. (Circ J 2007; 71: 1669 -1677)

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