Handheld X‐ray fluorescence (HHXRF) spectrometry is a relatively new phenomenon in the landscape of analytical techniques. It morphed out of the traditional energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry, a mature analytical technique that successfully established itself in laboratory and some industrial environments either in the form of a large, stationary, or more recently as a portable, battery‐operated system. EDXRF has been ready for a long time for expansion and migration out of laboratory into the field. This seasoned, well‐researched analytical method offers unique features that when combined together make it especially attractive and useful for field applications. It is truly nondestructive to the object tested; it can analyze simultaneously many elements in solid, powder, or liquid samples; and it provides results in real time and it is relatively inexpensive. However, it was only technological developments of the last decade that made finally possible the expansion of EDXRF into field and industrial environments. Recent availability of miniature, low‐power X‐ray tubes, thermoelectrically cooled high‐resolution semiconductor detectors, and ever smaller yet more powerful electronics and microprocessors made the design of a handheld X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer a reality. Once available, these small handheld and weighing less than 1.5 kg analyzers gained widespread acceptance as a tool of choice in many areas of industry. Perhaps the best indicator of their success and usefulness is the fact that over the last decade about 48 000 HHXRF analyzers were placed in the market, the number which is most likely several times bigger than the overall number of all laboratory EDXRF systems installed worldwide. The focus of this article is the present state of development of handheld XRF spectrometers. An overview of their features and performance is given, and typical applications served by these instruments are discussed. Finally, an attempt is made to outline the possible directions of future development of this versatile method.
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