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This longitudinal study investigated whether depression among early adolescents (aged 12-14 years, N = 116; 65 girls) can be predicted by interactions between social goal orientations and interpersonal stress. Based on Kuroda and Sakurai (2001), this study applied Elliot and Harackiewicz's (1996) trichotomous framework of achievement goals to Dweck and Leggett's (1988) model of social goals and investigated three types of social goals: social learning goals (to grow through interpersonal experiences), social performance-approach goals (to obtain positive evaluations), and social

This study investigated the localization ability of an impulse vibration source outside the body in two-dimensional space. We tested whether humans can recognize the direction or distance of an impulse vibration source when using their hand to detect spatiotemporal vibrotactile information provided by the propagated vibrational wave from the source. Specifically, we had users put their hands on a silicone rubber sheet in several postures. We asked users to indicate the position of the vibration source when a location on the sheet was indented. Experimental results suggested that the direction of the impact vibration source can be recognized to some extent, although recognition accuracy depends on hand posture and the position of the vibration source. The best results were achieved when the fingers and palm were grounded and a vibration source was presented around the middle fingertip, and the directional recognition error in this case was 6 • . In contrast, results suggest it is difficult to accurately recognize the distance of the vibration. The results of this study suggest a new possibility for directional display where vibrotactile actuators are embedded at a distance from the user's hand.

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