The influence of storage temperature on textural properties of Chinese bayberry fruit was investigated by using instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA). The fruit was harvested at ripe stage and stored at 20, 10 and 1C for 60 h, 5 and 14 days, respectively, and six textural parameters were measured. There was a decrease in fruit firmness, cohesiveness, springiness, resilience and chewiness, and an increase in adhesiveness during storage. Increased storage temperature resulted in accelerated decrease in fruit firmness, cohesiveness, springiness, resilience and chewiness, and an increase in adhesiveness. There was a significant correlation among the six TPA parameters. Low temperature inhibited the decrease of total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and increase of flesh pH value, thereby maintaining better taste quality. TPA parameters could be used as suitable indicators of fruit quality and storability, and low temperature storage is beneficial for delaying textural changes and maintaining the taste quality of Chinese bayberry fruit after harvest. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe research reported in this article is relevant and of interest to both researchers and industry. Because our results confirm that TPA is a reliable instrumental measurement for evaluating the textural quality and fruit softening of Chinese bayberry fruit during storage, the measurement of TPA parameters may have the potential to provide useful information for quality control 1 Corresponding

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Aquaculture has been the fastest‐growing food production sector and is considered to be so in the future. However, aquaculture feed is heavily dependent on wild‐captured forage fish, which is unsustainable, costly and non‐ecofriendly. Hence, the development of sustainable, eco‐friendly, cost‐effective and nutrient‐balanced novel fishmeal alternatives is critical to satisfying the forecasted expansion of aquaculture. Among fishmeal alternatives, attention to one‐carbon gas protein (C1GP) has reached an unprecedented level recently. The C1GP is produced through the fermentation of certain unique microorganisms by utilizing the substrates from C1‐related industrial exhaust gases, such as CH4, CO and CO2, which take much less time, land, water and resources, remove greenhouse gases and waste materials, and offer sustainable protein sources. These C1GP products, either as fishmeal or soybean meal alternatives, have been successfully used in fish and shrimp diets. This review introduces the latest research progress on microorganisms, protein production technology, nutrition and products using C1 gases as substrate, as well as their application in aquafeed. With the rapid development of synthetic biotechnology and engineering technology, it will become an important development field in the future in the construction of new strains and gas fermentation technology with high transformation efficiency, wide adaptation and abundant nutrients for the development of new ingredients for aquaculture.

The aim of the investigation was to optimize extrusion process parameters for processing commercial sinking fish feed with mixed plant protein sources in a pilot‐scale twin‐screw extruder equipped with a preconditioner. It has been found out that the bulk density of feed pellets increased with the moisture content in the range of 22–27% (wt), then decreased with the moisture content from 27 to 32%. Meanwhile, increasing moisture content (22–32%) resulted in a decrease of pellet hardness, water solubility, and specific mechanical energy (SME), and an increase of pellet hydration time. There was a significant decrease (p <.05) in SME, bulk density, and hydration time when the die temperature was increased from 90 to 140°C. Increasing the screw speed (180–300 rpm) led to an increase in SME, water solubility index (WSI), and water solubility, but a decrease of water solubility index (WAI). The optimal process parameters for processing the sinking feed pellets were moisture content: 26.6%, screw speed: 180 rpm, and die temperature: 113°C. These operation parameters provide a reference for the industrial production of fish feed with mixed plant protein sources.Practical applicationsIn recent years, plant protein has been increasingly developed as an aquatic feed source, but this has resulted in quality fluctuations for fish feed pellets. Sinking pellets require sufficient gelatinization but should avoid floating due to excessive swelling. Thus, it is important to control the parameters of the extrusion process during sinking feed production. Contrary to conventional laboratory studies, this study used a pilot extrusion line (capacity: 70–150 kg/hr) equipped with a steam adding preconditioner and an automatic data acquisition system for parameter optimization. Moreover, we defined satisfactory products through the targeted evaluation of key indicators such as water solubility and hydration time. The results of this study provide a reference for the industrial production of sinking feed with mixed plant proteins.

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Simple SummaryZinc, an essential trace element for laying hens, plays an important role in biological processes, such as growth, tissue growth and repairment, skeletal development, and immune competence, which also has better effects on growth performance, biochemical indexes, and antioxidant capacity. Our previous work has shown that methionine hydroxyl analogue chelated zinc (MHA-Zn) has better effects on eggshell quality, the apparent retention of minerals and nutrients, trace element deposit, and metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of different levels of MHA-Zn on antioxidant capacity and liver metabolism of aged laying hens. The results suggest that dietary supplementation of MHA-Zn levels at 80 mg/kg has better effects on antioxidant capacity and liver metabolism, as well as homeostasis of the body. AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of methionine hydroxyl analogue chelated zinc (MHA-Zn) on antioxidant capacity and liver metabolism of aged laying hens. A total of 960 57-week-old layers were fed a basal diet (Zn: 35.08 mg/kg) without extra zinc for two weeks, and then allocated to four treatments consisting of eight replicates of 30 birds each for 14 weeks. Four levels of Zn (zinc sulfate (ZnSO4): 80 mg/kg; MHA-Zn: 20, 40, 80 mg/kg) were added to the diet. The results indicated that compared with inorganic zinc, organic zinc of 80 mg/kg has a significant advantage in improving the antioxidant capacity of aged hens, which increased the level of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the serum and liver, and reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) of laying hens. The serum albumen composition was significantly modified, meanwhile, the level of total protein, globulin, and urea increased remarkably, whereas serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase decreased notably in 80 mg/kg MHA-Zn groups. Compared with the 20 mg/kg MHA-Zn group, the metabolic profile of 40 and 80 mg/kg MHA-Zn groups was higher than that of the inorganic zinc group. Furthermore, integrated key metabolic pathway analysis showed that 40 and 80 mg/kg MHA-Zn groups participated in the regulation of glutathione metabolism, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Therefore, this study suggests that 40 and 80 mg/kg supplementation of MHA-Zn can increase the activity of Cu/Zn-SOD and T-AOC and decrease MDA; additionally the 80 mg/kg MHA-Zn group has better antioxidant capacity. Meanwhile, the enhanced MHA-Zn promoted methionine (Met) synthesis and protein metabolism.

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