Background: Serum magnesium level in pregnancy is a valuable tool to find out preterm onset of labour. In the asymptomatic group, greater surveillance and administration of steroids, tocolytics and transfer to a higher centre wherever necessary has to be done with mothers with low serum magnesium level. The objective of the study is to find association between serum magnesium levels and women with preterm labour, and to compare these values with those patients who have a term delivery.Methods: The subjects included 100 pregnant women with preterm labour (cases) between 28 and 37 weeks gestation (Group A) and similar number of pregnant women with term labour (controls) between 37 and 40 weeks (Group B). Inclusion criteria for cases was singleton pregnancy, painful uterine contractions more than two in 30 minutes, intact fetal membranes, cervical dilatation (at least 1 cm) and effacement (80%). Serum magnesium levels were done in both the groups. Patients were followed until delivery. Routine antenatal investigations were done. Serum levels of magnesium were estimated by Erba’s semi auto-analyser.Results: 62% patients in Group A were from rural areas. More patients in Group A (70%) were from low socioeconomic class. More women in Group A were anaemic (44%). Mean value of hemoglobin in Group A was 9.93gm/dL. More patients in Group A had muscle cramps (89%). VLBW (<1500gm) neonates were more in Group A (21%). Also, LBW (1500-2499gm) neonates were more in Group A (60%). Mean neonatal birth weight in Group A (1907.3gm) was less. Neonatal morbidity and mortality was observed significantly more in Group A. Mean serum magnesium was less in Group A. Mean serum magnesium levels in primi and multigravida patients were less in Group A. Moreover, mean serum magnesium levels were less in urban and rural patients in Group A. Mean serum magnesium levels were less in normal and overweight patients in Group A. Also, mean serum magnesium levels were less in patients with cervical dilatation <3cm and >3cm in Group A.Conclusions: Low maternal serum magnesium level is associated with preterm labour. Patients with preterm labour have significantly low serum magnesium level when compared with labour at term.

Fist trimester is very crucial period of pregnancy having high risks of pregnancy losses. The occurrence of first trimester bleeding is approximately 25% of all pregnancies. Vaginal bleeding in first trimester is a common complaint. Among these 200 patients, 19% patients aborted. Ectopic and molar pregnancy was seen in 5% and 1.5% patients respectively. Healthy fetus was present in 74.5% cases. Among abortion, missed abortion was seen in 9%, inevitable abortion in 2%, incomplete abortion in 7.5%, and complete abortion occurred in 0.5% cases. Fetal outcome included LBW (28.19%), preterm delivery (21.48%), IUGR (13.42%), fetal distress (11.41%), MSAF (7.38%), malpresentation (2.01%), congenital anomaly (1.34%), IUD and still birth (0.67% each).Neonatal outcome included NICU admission (12.08%), birth asphyxia (5.36%), RDS (4.03%), neonatal sepsis and neonatal jaundice (1.34% each). We concluded that patients with first trimester bleeding are at increased risk for spontaneous pregnancy loss and adverse fetal outcomes like preterm, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, fetal distress, NICU admission and rarely congenital malformation where as there was no significant increase in perinatal mortality. So by knowing the etiology and fetal outcome of first trimester vaginal bleeding, we can predict the complications which will occur in later pregnancy and manage it properly.

Introduction: Infertility is defined as inability to conceive after one or more years of unprotected intercourse. This study was taken up to evaluate the correlation of transvaginal ultrasound with endoscopies both hysteroscopy and laparoscopy in the evaluation of infertile patients.

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Background: The outcome of first trimester vaginal bleeding is a matter of debate. Vaginal bleeding is common and potentially alarming symptom in early pregnancy. First trimester bleeding is a common occurrence. It has been estimated to occur in 15-25% of all pregnant women. Objective of this study was to evaluate the various maternal outcomes in women with first trimester bleeding.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the postgraduate department of obstetrics and gynecology, SMGS Hospital, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study included 200 pregnant women presented with first trimester bleeding. All the women were followed prospectively till delivery and early postpartum period for various outcomes such as preterm delivery, PROM, PPROM, anemia, oligohydramnios, placental abruption, placenta previa and postpartum hemorrhage.Results: Out of 200 patients studied, 19% patients aborted. Ectopic and molar pregnancy was seen in 5% and 1.5% patients respectively. Out of 74.5% patients who continued pregnancy, maternal complications included anemia (52%), PROM (14.09%), oligohydramnios (6.71%), placenta previa (5.37%), PPH (4.03%), PPROM (2.68%), preeclampsia (2.01%), gestational hypertension (1.34%), abruption and post-datism (0.67% each).Conclusions: From the results of this study, it can be concluded that first trimester bleeding can be a predicting factor in terms of mother and infant consequences of pregnancy and it is necessary to increase the knowledge of pregnant women in this regard for closer care.

Background: Serum magnesium level in pregnancy is a valuable tool to find out preterm onset of labour. In the asymptomatic group, greater surveillance and administration of steroids, tocolytics and transfer to a higher centre. In this study, low maternal serum magnesium level was associated with preterm labour. The values were also lower in women with low socio-economic status.Methods: The subjects included 100 pregnant women with preterm labour (cases) between 28 and 37-week gestation (group A) and similar number of pregnant women with term labour (controls) between 37 and 40 weeks (group B). Inclusion criteria for cases was singleton pregnancy, painful uterine contractions more than two in 30 minutes, intact fetal membranes, cervical dilatation (at least 1 cm) and effacement (80%). Serum magnesium levels were done in both the groups. Patients were followed until delivery. Routine antenatal investigations were done. Serum levels of magnesium were estimated by Erba’s semi auto-analyser.Results: 62% patients in group A were from rural areas. More patients in group A (70%) were from low socioeconomic class. More women in group A were anaemic (44%). Mean value of hemoglobin in group A was 9.93 g/dl. More patients in group A had muscle cramps (89%). VLBW (<1500 g) neonates were more in group A (21%). Also, LBW (1500-2499 g) neonates were more in group A (60%). Mean neonatal birth weight in group A (1907.3 g) was less. Neonatal morbidity and mortality were observed significantly more in group A. Mean serum magnesium was less in group A.Conclusions: Low maternal serum magnesium level is associated with preterm labour. Patients with preterm labour have significantly low serum magnesium level when compared with labour at term. The values were also lower in women with low socioeconomic status.