With inherent orthogonality, both the spin angular momentum (SAM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons have been utilized to expand the dimensions of quantum information, optical communications, and information processing, wherein simultaneous detection of SAMs and OAMs with a single element and a single-shot measurement is highly anticipated. Here, a single azimuthal-quadratic phase metasurface-based photonic momentum transformation (PMT) is illustrated and utilized for vortex recognition. Since different vortices are converted into focusing patterns with distinct azimuthal coordinates on a transverse plane through PMT, OAMs within a large mode space can be determined through a single-shot measurement. Moreover, spin-controlled dual-functional PMTs are proposed for simultaneous SAM and OAM sorting, which is implemented by a single spin-decoupled metasurface that merges both the geometric phase and dynamic phase. Interestingly, our proposed method can detect vectorial vortices with both phase and polarization singularities, as well as superimposed vortices with a certain interval step. Experimental results obtained at several wavelengths in the visible band exhibit good agreement with the numerical modeling. With the merits of ultracompact device size, simple optical configuration, and prominent vortex recognition ability, our approach may underpin the development of integrated and high-dimensional optical and quantum systems.
Polymer heterojunctions (PHJs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE). Nevertheless, most PHJs exhibit unsatisfactory hydrogen evolution rate (HER), primarily attributing to their own high-energy Frenkel excitons and poor light capturing ability. In this paper, a molecular engineering strategy is developed to further broaden spectral response range and simultaneously accelerate Frenkel excitons dissociation within PHJs. For this purpose, three donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers/g-C 3 N 4 heterojunctions with alternative donor units (fluorene, carbazole, N-annulated perylene for P1, P2, and P3, respectively) and the invariant acceptor unit (benzothiadiazole) have been designed and fabricated for efficient PHE. Experimental results show that copolymerizing different donor units into the polymer skeleton not only extends the visiblelight response range but also promotes photoexciton separation within polymer/g-C 3 N 4 PHJs. Notably, copolymerizing the strongest electron donor unit (N-annulated perylene) achieves the best light capture ability and the most effective photoexcitation separation of the P3/g-C 3 N 4 , leading to significantly increase HRE of 13.0 mmol h −1 g −1 with a recorded apparent quantum yield of 27.32% at 520 nm. Importantly, the Type II heterojunction mechanism within P3/CN was first proved by theoretical calculation. This work provides a promising strategy for reasonably developing efficient PHJs for solar fuel production.
We have identified, cloned and expressed a new chemosensory protein (CSP) in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria belonging to a third sub-class of these polypeptides. Polyclonal antibodies stained a band of 14 kDa, as expected, in the extracts of antennae and palps of the adults, but not in the 4th and 5th instars. In the related species Locusta migratoria, instead, the same antibodies cross-reacted only with a band of apparent molecular mass of 35 kDa in the extract of 1st-5th instars, but not in the adults. The recombinant protein binds the fluorescent probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, but none of the compounds so far reported as pheromones for S. gregaria. The expression of the odorant-binding protein (OBP) and of CSPs of sub-classes I and II was also monitored in antennae, tarsi, palpi, wings and other organs of solitary and gregarious locusts in their nymphal and adult stages. OBP was found to be antenna specific, where it is expressed at least from the 3rd instar in both solitary and gregarious locusts. CSPs, instead, appear to be more ubiquitous, with different expression patterns, according to the sub-class. Immunocytochemistry experiments revealed that OBP is present in the sensillum lymph of sensilla trichodea and basiconica, while CSP-I and CSP-III were found in the outer sensillum lymph of sensilla chaetica and in the sub-cuticular space between epidermis and cuticle of the antenna. Sensilla chaetica on other parts of the body showed the same expression of CSP-I as those on the antenna.
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