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Introduction: Housing stability is an impor­tant determinant of health, but no studies to our knowledge have examined the spill-over effects of neighborhood eviction rates on individual risk of preterm birth (PTB) among African American women.Objective: We assessed whether living in a neighborhood with high eviction rates was associated with risk of PTB among African American women, and whether marital/co­habiting status modified the association.Methods: We spatially linked interview, medical record, and current address data from the Life-course Influences on Fetal Environments Study (2009-2011, N=1386) of postpartum African American women from Metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, to publicly available data on block-group level rates of eviction filings and judgements. PTB was defined as birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation and occurred in 16.3% of the sample (n=226). Eviction rate vari­ables were rescaled by their interquartile ranges (75th vs 25th percentiles). Women self-reported whether they were married to, or cohabiting with, the father of their baby during the in-person interview. We used Modified Poisson regression with robust er­ror variance to estimate relative risks of PTB associated with each eviction variable sepa­rately and included an interaction term with marital/cohabiting status (P<.10 considered significant) in adjusted models.Results: In the overall sample, neighbor­hood eviction filings and judgements did not predict PTB, but the associations were modified by marital/cohabiting status (P for interaction = .02, and .06, respectively). Among women who were married/cohabit­ing, those who lived in neighborhoods with high eviction filings (adjusted relative risk: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.47) and eviction judgements (adjusted relative risk: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.33) had higher risk of PTB than women who did not. Little evidence of an association was observed for women who were not married/cohabiting.Conclusions: Future studies should examine the mechanisms of the reported associations to identify novel intervention targets (eg, addressing landlord discrimina­tion) and policy solutions (eg, ensuring a living wage and providing affordable hous­ing assistance to everyone who qualifies) to reduce the burden of PTB among African Americans. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(2):197-204; doi:10.18865/ed.31.2.197

Rationale The desired number of children is markedly higher in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) than in other major regions. Efforts to understand how and why these desires are generated and maintained have yielded a broad research literature. Yet there is no full picture of the range of contextual, cultural, and economic factors that support and disrupt high fertility desires. Objective This scoping review synthesizes thirty years of research on the determinants of fertility desires in SSA to better understand what factors underlie men and women’s stated fertility desires and how they weigh the costs and benefits of having (more) children. Method We identified and screened 9863 studies published from 1990 to 2021 from 18 social science, demographic, and health databases. We appraised determinants of fertility desires from 258 studies that met inclusion criteria according to their roles as traditional supports or contemporary disrupters of high fertility desires. Results We identified 31 determinants of high fertility desires, which we organized into six overarching themes: economy and costs; marriage; the influence of others; education and status; health and mortality; and demographic predictors. For each theme, we summarize ways in which the determinants both support and disrupt high fertility desires. We find that high fertility remains desirable in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa but contemporary disrupters, such as the economic situations and increases to family planning and education, cause individuals to decrease their desired fertility with such decreases often viewed as a temporary adjustment to temporary conditions. Most included studies were quantitative, cross-sectional, and based on survey data. Conclusion This review demonstrates how traditionally supportive and contemporary disruptive forces simultaneously influence fertility desires in sub-Saharan Africa. Future studies analyzing fertility desires in sub-Saharan Africa should be informed by the lived experiences of men and women in this region, with qualitative and longitudinal studies prioritized.

Advances in mobile app technologies offer opportunities for researchers to feasibly collect a large amount of patient data that were previously inaccessible through traditional clinical research methods. Collection of data via mobile devices allows for several advantages, such as the ability to continuously gather data outside of research facilities and produce a greater quantity of data, making these data much more valuable to researchers. Health services research is increasingly incorporating mobile health (mHealth), but collecting these data in current research institutions is not without its challenges. Our paper uses a specific example to depict specific challenges of mHealth research and provides recommendations for investigators looking to incorporate digital app technologies and patient-collected digital data into their studies. Our experience describes how clinical researchers should be prepared to work with variable software and mobile app development timelines; research institutions that are interested in participating in mHealth research need to invest in supporting information technology infrastructures in order to be a part of the growing field of mHealth and gain access to valuable patient-collected data.

Background The relationship between housing instability and reproductive healthcare is understudied. We examined the association between housing insecurity and access and utilization of general healthcare, contraceptive healthcare, and abortion care. Methods Using data from a population-representative survey of adult reproductive-age Ohio women (N = 2,529), we assessed housing insecurity (not paying rent/mortgage on time in the past year). We examined associations between housing insecurity and the following outcomes: (1) not being able to access general healthcare in the past year; (2) experiencing delays or difficulties in accessing contraceptive healthcare in the past year; and (3) ever having an abortion. We used unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models. We selected confounders a priori and included age, socioeconomic status, and healthcare status. Results Overall, 10.6% of Ohio women of adult reproductive age experienced housing insecurity. Approximately 27.5% of respondents were not able to access general healthcare and 10.4% experienced delays or difficulties in accessing contraceptive care. Compared to housing-secure respondents, housing-insecure women were less able to access general healthcare (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.45–3.23) and more likely to experience delays or difficulties when accessing contraceptive care (aOR:1.74; 95% CI:1.00-3.04). Insecure housing was not statistically associated with ever having an abortion (aOR:1.76; 95% CI:0.93–3.34). Conclusions In this study, recent housing insecurity was associated with poorer access to general and contraceptive healthcare. Studies utilizing multidimensional measures of housing insecurity and other material insecurity measures are needed to further explore the relationship between material insecurity and access to general and contraceptive care. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10995-022-03492-5.

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Background The number of women using long‐acting reversible contraception (LARC)—intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implants—is increasing and 14% of contraceptive users in the United States adopt LARC. We examined correlates of LARC never‐use in a population‐based survey of reproductive‐aged women in Ohio. Methods We analyzed data from the 2018‐19 Ohio Survey of Women. We examined the prevalence of LARC never‐use and reasons for never‐use among ever users of contraception (N = 2388). Using Poisson regression to generate prevalence ratios (PRs), we examined associations between selected correlates (demographic factors, healthcare access/quality measures, and religious/political views) and LARC never‐use. Results Most Ohio women (74%) had never used LARC. Commonly reported reasons for not using an IUD or an implant were preferring a different method (46% and 45%, respectively), not wanting an object inside their body (45% and 43%), side effect concerns (39% and 33%), insertion/removal concerns (31% and 25%), and unfamiliarity (13% and 20%). Conservative political views (PR: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.22), pro‐life affiliation (PR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.20), placing high importance on religion in daily life (PR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06–1.26), and being non‐Hispanic white as compared to non‐Hispanic Black (PR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02–1.41) were significantly associated with LARC never‐use. Findings were generally similar for models analyzing IUD and implant never‐use separately. Conclusions Among ever‐users of contraception, LARC never‐use was associated with having conservative political views, being religious, and having a pro‐life affiliation. Except for race/ethnicity, demographic and healthcare measures were not associated with LARC never‐use among women in Ohio.

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