This paper analyses the stochastic dynamics of the COVID-19 Case-Fatality Ratios (CFR) in three developing economies in East Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The sample covers the daily frequency data from April 28, 2020, to June 29, 2021. For this purpose, we utilize two unit root tests, which consider one structural break and two structural breaks. The findings reveal that the CFR follows a unit root process in Indonesia and the Philippines. However, the CFR is stationary in Malaysia. This evidence indicates that the COVID-19 has a permanent effect in Indonesia and the Philippines but temporary in Malaysia. The paper also discusses the potential economic implications of these results for the post-COVID-19 era in the related developing economies.
Platycodin D (PD) is a tumor suppressor in cancers. However, its role in liver cancer, especially after interventional liver cancer, remains unknown. We detected the expression of HAX-1 after interventional liver cancer by IHC and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR
(RT-PCR), and assessed cell proliferation by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT). PD was down-regulated in CD44+CD24−/low HCC cells. In addition, the results showed that PD could induce Tumor necrosis factor-associated
apoptosis-inducing ligands (TRAIL) to be sensitive to apoptosis. HCLS1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) is directly regulated by PD in liver cancer cells. We demonstrate that PD promotes apoptosis through mitochondrial/ROS pathway. PD increases TNBCSCs sensitivity to apoptosis via targeting
HAX-1 and it might be useful in the treatment of HCC after interventional procedures.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.