The design goal was development of an intuitive human machine interface for force and moment data from space robotic operations. This paper defines overall requirements and goals. It describes experimental approaches used to evaluate our 'nature' inspired solution. The final portion of the paper discusses the design and prototyping of the segment of the problem which has lead to our first product.One of nature's ways of presenting multiple degree of freedom (dof), vector data is through our audio and vestibular systems. This directional capability is being applied as a human machine interface (HMI) for robotic force sensing.Human audio direction ability is accurate except for sounds generated above and behind our heads. This inaccuracy has lead us to the development of the vestibulator.The vestibulator is a wireless device which applies low levels of current, to the human subject mastoid bones through surface mounted electrodes. These induce perceptions of tilt. The polarity of the signals provide directional stimulus.
ENGINEERING NOTES are short manuscripts describing new developments or important results of a preliminary nature. These Notes cannot exceed 6 manuscript pages and 3 figures; a page of text may be substituted for a figure and vice versa. After informal review by the editors, they may be published within a few months of the date of receipt. Style requirements are the same as for regular contributions (see inside back cover).
NomenclatureA,B,C,D,F,H = integration constants, m c = beam curvature, m ~l d -tube diameter, m E = Young's modulus, Pa M = beam bending moment, Nm N =seeEq. (4), m r -tube radius, m t = tube wall thickness, m u = longitudinal displacement, m v = tangential displacement, m w = radial displacement, m Z = section modulus, m 3 0 -angular coordinate v =Poisson's ratio
The smart aspects of the piezoceramic ultrasonic application being used for pest control are just beginning to evolve. Pest control, using ultrasonics, is based on developing a pressure environment which is extremely unpleasant or deadly to the pests in question. The feedback aspect of smart structure applications involves three types of sensing: motion sensors, pressure sensors and sound sensors.
Airborne or land pests, such as some insects, spiders, rodents, and small cats and dogs are driven away by the unpleasant sound created by the noise generated by the ceramic elements. For fluid‐borne pests, the ceramic is driven to create a pressure field that includes cavitation. The release of energy from the collapse of cavitating bubbles provides the source deadly to small microorganisms.
The types of pests that have been effectively deterred by ultrasonic measures are the frequency range that has been successful for these pests, as well as the approximate coverage (or flow rate) across which they are effective are listed. The coverage is directly related to the system size and power.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has suggested that pest control devices have a deterrent effect of >60% to be considered viable.
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