Although the body of literature on female entrepreneurs is relatively small when compared to that of men; the majority of articles that have focused on female entrepreneurs and issues surrounding them center on women in developed countries. Few studies place emphasis on female entrepreneurs in developing countries. Guided by the resource-based view of human and social capital, the article explores the relationship among individual and entrepreneurial factors, institutional factors and women’s venture success in developing countries. Hypotheses are tested with a sample of 350 female entrepreneurs using individual and country level data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database and the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom. Female entrepreneurs were chosen from six developing countries: Argentina, Brazil, Hungary, India, Mexico and South Africa. Results indicate certain factors (i.e. household income, knowing an entrepreneur, and country of origin) play a role in venture success for female entrepreneurs in developing countries. Secondary analyses demonstrated that the developing country’s economic freedom, cultural norms, financial support and government supportiveness may also impact women’s venture success.
The reasons for the long-term lagging rate of black American entrepreneurship are not well understood. Rather than look at financial factors, as most of the limited literature that has explored the disparity has done, we examine the opportunity recognition processes of black entrepreneurs. Using data collected from 147 black entrepreneurs, we found the entrepreneurs in our study -all of whom had achieved moderate successwere much more likely to have pursued internally stimulated opportunities than externally stimulated opportunities. The important practical and academic implications are discussed and future research directions are offered.Keywords: black entrepreneurship; opportunity recognition; entrepreneurial opportunity; Bhave's model of opportunity recognition Les raisons du taux du retard a long terme de l'entrepreneuriat des noirs am ericains ne sont pas bien comprises. Plutôt que de regarder les facteurs financiers, comme l'ont fait la plupart des rares travaux qui ont explor e cette disparit e, nous examinons le processus d'identification des occasions d'affaires par les entrepreneurs noirs. En utilisant les donn ees recueillies aupr es de 147 entrepreneurs noirs, nous avons trouv e que les entrepreneurs de notre etude -qui ont tous connu un succ es mod er e -avaient beaucoup plus poursuivi les occasions d'affaires stimul ees a l'int erieur que celles stimul ees a l'ext erieur. Les implications pratiques et acad emiques importantes sont discut ees et les orientations futures de la recherche sont offertes.
The paper examines variables stated to be central to entrepreneurial success and reports differences between black male and black female entrepreneurs. Variables studied include task-specific efficacy, firm performance and opportunity recognition. Using a sample of 85 males and 58 females, results indicated that although black male and female entrepreneurs are somewhat similar in terms of business environment and demographics (e.g., education levels, years of business industry experience, likelihood of having a business mentor, etc.), black females trailed black male entrepreneurs in firm performance, task-specific efficacy and opportunity recognition. Overall, findings suggest an expressed need to enact specific-policies to increase success rates among this group of understudied entrepreneurs, black females.
The role of networking, entrepreneurial environments, and support systems in the creation, survival and success of ventures founded by minority, women, and immigrant entrepreneurs
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