Malaysia is on its path in adapting the green roadway system. The introduction of green road rating tools such as Malaysia Green Highway Index (MyGHI) for highways and Penarafan Hijau (pHJKR Jalan) for non-toll roads which the value of the projects are more than RM50 million are parts of the green initiatives taken towards the sustainable development in Malaysia. However, there is no specific green road rating tool focusing on rural roads in Malaysia. The rural road falls under the state road category, which contributes the largest proportion of the road network in Malaysia. The absence of specific green road rating tools for the assessment of the largest network of the road in Malaysia is seen as the gap that needs to be filled with a systematic approach. With that, this paper highlight the methodology of the study to develop a specific green road rating tool that suits the nature of rural road in Malaysia which is called Malaysia Green Rural Road Index (MyGreen RRI). It also aims to highlight a thorough comparative review of the established criteria of the existing international and local green road rating tools by using cross-national comparison. This comparative review leads to a set of proposed criteria to be used in MyGreen RRI. The analysis is later will be extended for the development of score and to be used for the assessment of MyGreen RRI. The establishment of MyGreen RRI as the later final output of is expected to benefit the nation in the environment, social and economic perspectives.
Green Rating System is utilized as tools to analyze the sustainability of buildings or infrastructures. Improvising green rating system is a continuous effort due to the needs of local implementation of a country. In Malaysia, there are two established rating systems for roads; MyGHI for highways and pHJKR (Roads) for non-tolled roads. Preliminary study on pHJKR (Roads) identified this rating tool assess road sustainability performance only at planning, design & construction stages. This study foresees, it is essential to sustain its engineering and sustainability performance, including carbon assessment under Operation and Maintenance (O&M). Therefore, this paper highlights the relevance and applicability of pHJKR (Roads) in comparison to other establish green road rating tools. The assessment criteria and elements during (O&M) phase are proposed for score development, which extensive research will lead to the establishment of O&M pHJKR (Roads). The data was gathered and analysed from a comprehensive review of current pHJKR (Roads) with a comparison other green road rating index. The expert panel discussion also was utilized to determine suitable sustainability factors. This study, in conclusion providing an opportunity to the enhancement of pHJKR (Roads), which offer a complete cycle of assessment in road project development of road Green Rating System.
The rural road networks were built to connect the rural people to the town area or to other destination required by the local residents. Normally the rural roads will be developed to connect or increase the socio-economic opportunity in rural area. The green road is one of the key areas that can be look into to create the sustainable concept based on three key aspects namely social, environmental and economic factors. The main focus of the economy aspect is to increase the profits using more efficient resources, especially materials, improving the quality of life by meeting the national needs of social aspects and protecting the environment from the effects of CO2 emissions and efficient use of natural resources for environmental aspects. Therefore, it is important that stakeholders include sustainability criteria in their projects. The application of a sustainable concept on the road can be assessed by the green road evaluation tool. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to build tools to evaluate and declare green rural roads in Malaysia. The data for this study were gathered through group discussions with road construction experts and distributed questionnaires to identify sustainability factors. Then the data were analysed by factor analysis method using SPSS software. Based on the result, there are five main sustainable criteria: Sustainable Design and Construction, Social and Safety, Energy Efficiency, Environmental and Water Management and Materials and Technology that are included in the development of the green road qualification system. The analysis indicates that the social and safety become the prime criteria among other criteria.
Abstract. An investigation was carried out to determine dynamic characteristic of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges by using ambient vibration test (AVT). The ambient vibration sources on bridges may come from traffic, wind, wave motion and seismic events. AVT describes the dynamic characteristics of the bridge and ground by measuring the natural frequencies using highly sensitive seismometer sensor. This test is beneficial due to light weight equipment and smaller number of operator required, cheap and easy to be handled. It is able to give a true picture of the bridge dynamic behavior without any artificial force excitation when vibration data is recorded. A three-span reinforced concrete bridge located in Sri Medan, Batu Pahat, Johor was measured by using microtremor equipment consist of three units of 1 Hz eigenfrequency passive sensors used in this test was performed in normal operating condition without excitation required from any active sources or short period noise perturbations. Ten measurements were conducted on the bridge deck and ten measurements on the ground surface in order to identify the natural frequencies of the bridge. Several peak frequencies were identified from three components of Fourier Amplitude Spectra (FAS) in transverse (NorthSouth), longitudinal (East-West) and vertical (Up-Down) direction as well as squared average Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) of ground response, computed by using Geopsy software. From the result, it was expected the bridge have five vibration modes frequencies in the range of 1.0 Hz and 7.0 Hz with the first two modes in the transverse and longitudinal direction having a frequency 1.0 Hz, the third mode is 2.2 Hz in transverse direction, fourth and fifth mode is 5.8 Hz and 7.0 Hz. For ground natural frequencies are in range 1.0 Hz to 1.3 Hz for North-South direction and 1.0 Hz to 1.6 Hz for East-West direction. Finally the results are compared with several empirical formulas for simple verification.
Abstract. This paper presents a free vibration analysis (FVA) of a reinforced concrete bridge crossing Sungai Simpang Kiri, located at Batu Pahat. The bridge consists of three simple spans with a total length of 70meter (20 m + 30 m + 20 m). The concrete deck of the bridge is supported by concrete tensioned pre-stressed T-beam. The girders are sitting on two abutments at both ends and two piers as internal supports. The base of the piers is considered as fixed base and the abutments were free to move. The structural dynamic characteristics of the bridge in terms of fundamental frequency and mode shapes were obtained analytically using SAP2000 three-dimensional finite element modeling software. It is very important to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of reinforced concrete bridges that can lead to the detection of stiffness reduction or damage of the structure. From the analysis, the fundamental frequency of the bridge was 1.94 Hz with fundamental mode shape is critical in transverse bending mode.
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