Drosophila dMyc (dMyc) is known for its role in cell-autonomous regulation of growth. Here we address its role in the fat body (FB), a metabolic tissue that functions as a sensor of circulating nutrients to control the release of Drosophila Insulin-like peptides (Dilps) from the brain influencing growth and development. Our results show that expression of dMyc in the FB affects development and animal size. Expression of dMyc, but not of CycD/cdk4 or Rheb, in the FB diminishes the ability to retain Drosophila Insulin-like peptide-2 (DILP2) in the brain during starvation, suggesting that expression of dMyc mimics the signal that remotely controls the release of Dilps into the hemolymph. dMyc also affects glucose metabolism and increases the transcription of Glucose-transporter-1 mRNA, and of Hexokinase and Pyruvate-Kinase mRNAs, key regulators of glycolysis. These animals are able to counteract the increased levels of circulating trehalose induced by a high sugar diet leading to the conclusion that dMyc activity in the FB promotes glucose disposal. dMyc expression induces cell autonomous accumulation of triglycerides, which correlates with increased levels of Fatty Acid Synthase and Acetyl CoA Carboxylase mRNAs, enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis. We also found the expression of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase, Desat1 mRNA significantly higher in FB overexpressing dMyc. Desat1 is an enzyme that is necessary for monosaturation and production of fatty acids, and its reduction affects dMyc’s ability to induce fat storage and resistance to animal survival. In conclusion, here we present novel evidences for dMyc function in the Drosophila FB in controlling systemic growth. We discovered that dMyc expression triggers cell autonomous mechanisms that control glucose and lipid metabolism to favor the storage of nutrients (lipids and sugars). In addition, the regulation of Desat1 controls the synthesis of triglycerides in FB and this may affect the humoral signal that controls DILP2 release in the brain.

NOC1 is a nucleolar protein necessary in yeast for both transport and maturation of ribosomal subunits. Here, we show that Drosophila NOC1 is necessary for rRNAs maturation and for a correct animal development. Its ubiquitous downregulation results in a dramatic decrease in polysome level and of protein synthesis. NOC1 expression in multiple organs, such as the prothoracic gland and the fat body, is necessary for their proper functioning. Reduction of NOC1 in epithelial cells from the imaginal discs results in clones that die by apoptosis, an event that is partially rescued in a M/+ background, suggesting that reduction of NOC1 induces the cells to become less fitted and to acquire a loser state. NOC1 downregulation activates the pro-apoptotic eiger-JNK pathway and leads to an increase of Xrp1 that results in Dilp8 upregulation. These data underline NOC1 as an essential gene in ribosome biogenesis and highlight its novel functions in the control of growth and cell competition.

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830) has been established as a key model organism thanks in part to their considerable biological similarity to mammals and an abundance of available genetic tools. Drosophila have been used to model many human disease states and have been critical in elucidating the genetic mechanisms contributing to them. Part I of this chapter covered basic Drosophila biology and relevant genetic tools available to Drosophila researchers. Here in part II, we review the use of Drosophila as a model organism to study neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, cancer, metabolic disorders, and immune disorders, as well as key findings made in those fields thanks to Drosophila research.

Lipids are an important energy supply in our cells and can be stored or used to produce macromolecules during lipogenesis when cells experience nutrient starvation. Our proteomic analysis reveals that the Drosophila homologue of human Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Desat1) is an indirect target of Myc in fat cells. Stearoyl-CoA desaturases are key enzymes in the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids critical for the formation of complex lipids such as triglycerides and phospholipids. Their function is fundamental for cellular physiology, however in tumors, overexpression of SCD-1 and SCD-5 has been found frequently associated with a poor prognosis. Another gene that is often upregulated in tumors is the proto-oncogene c-myc, where its overexpression or increased protein stability, favor cellular growth. Here, we report a potential link between Myc and Desat1 to control autophagy and growth. Using Drosophila, we found that expression of Desat1, in metabolic tissues like the fat body, in the gut and in epithelial cells, is necessary for Myc function to induce autophagy a cell eating mechanism important for energy production. In addition, we observed that reduction of Desat1 affects Myc ability to induce growth in epithelial cells. Our data also identify, in prostatic tumor cells, a significant correlation between the expression of Myc and SCD-1 proteins, suggesting the existence of a potential functional relationship between the activities of these proteins in sustaining tumor progression.

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830) has been established as a cornerstone for research into a wide array of subjects including diseases, development, physiology, and genetics. Thanks to an abundance of genetic tools, publicly available fly stocks, and databases, as well as their considerable biological similarity to mammalian systems, Drosophila has been solidified as a key model organism for elucidating many aspects of human disease. Herein is presented an overview of what makes Drosophila such an appealing model organism. In Part I of this chapter, basic Drosophila biology is reviewed and the most relevant genetic tools available to Drosophila researchers are covered. Then in part II, we outline the use of Drosophila as a model organism to study a wide array of pathologies in which Drosophila has been used, along with key advances made in the specific field using the fly as a model organism.

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NOC1 is a nucleolar protein necessary in yeast for a correct transport of the large ribosomal subunit and polysome assembling. Here we shown that ubiquitous downregulation of NOC1 in Drosophila results in defective polysome formation and decreases the rate of protein synthesis. Reduction of NOC1 is detrimental for animal growth and adequate expression of NOC1 in organs, such as the prothoracic gland and in the fat body is necessary for proper organ function. In the imaginal discs downregulation of NOC1 results in small cells that die by apoptosis. This event is rescued in M/+ background suggesting that reduction of NOC1 favors cells to be outcompeted by wild type because of reduced protein synthesis. NOC1 downregulation induces the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic eiger-JNK signaling pathway, that results in the activation of DILP8 compensatory mechanism. Our results demonstrate that NOC1 in Drosophila plays an important role in the regulation of protein synthesis and cell survival, linking its function in the nucleolus to the control of animal growth and development.