his is study was conducted to evaluate the Corn hybrid single cross 10 (S.C. 10) was cultivated at two planting density rates of low density was 20 thousand plants per feddan (20TPF) or high density was 30 thousand plants per feddan (30TPF) as a silage through two digestibility trials were conducted using Rhmani rams to determine nutrients digestibility and nutritive values. The yield of corn crop and plant parts (ears, stems and leaves) were estimated for each sub-plots and calculated per feddan. Whole corn plants were harvested after 92 days of planting at the dough stage of maturity, chopped to 1-1.5 cm of length and ensiled in plastic bags for 35 days.. Representative samples of corn silage were analyzed for composition, fiber fractions and silage quality. Results revealed that high corn plant density showed significantly higher yield of fresh corn crop and TDN (P<0.05) and dry crop and CP and DCP (P<0.01), however, fresh and dry plant weight were lower significantly (P<0.01) compared to low plant density. The percentage of ears was significantly higher (P<0.01), however percentages of stems and leaves were significantly lower (P<0.05) for low plant density compared with high plant density. Low corn plant density revealed significantly higher contents of DM, OM (P<0.05), NFE and NFC (P<0.01) and lower contents of CP, ash (P<0.05), CF, NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose (P<0.001) with compared to high corn plant density. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA's, P<0.05), lactic, propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric and valeric acids were higher, however, pH value and the concentrations of TVFA's, NH 3 -N (P<0.05), acetic and butyric acids were lower in low plant density compared to high plant density silage. The DMI and digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, NFE and NFC and TDN value were significantly higher (P<0.05), however, the digestibility coefficients of CP, CF, EE, NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose and DCP value were significantly lower (P<0.05) for high plant density compared to low plant density corn silage. Ruminal pH value, the concentration of NH 3 -N (P<0.05) were lower, however, the concentrations of TVFA's (P<0.05), propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric and valeric acids were higher with high corn plant density compared to low density corn silage. While, acetic and butyric acids concentrations were nearly similar. There were no significant differences in rent of land, cultivation cost and total cost between low and high plant density. Whereas, high corn plant density recorded higher output of silage yield and output improvement (P<0.01), net revenue and net revenue improvement (P<0.001) compared to low corn plant density.
A STUDY was carried out to assess the effect of single and/or combined inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. isolates on seed yield and quality of forage cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. Baladi) under salinity-affected soil conditions. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design for two growing seasons, 2018 and 2019, with two main plot treatments of irrigation water (normal and saline) and four sub-plot inoculation treatments. Results revealed that sub-main plot treatments differed significantly for number of branches, number of pods, pod length, number of seeds pod-1 , pod weight plot-1 (Kg) and seed yield (Kg fed-1) of forage cowpea plants as affected by the type of irrigation water in the two growing seasons. Also, combination treatment (Bradyrhizobium SARS-Rh3 and Bradyrhizobium SARS-Rh5) significantly minimized the negative effects of saline irrigation water treatment for seed content of elements (N, P, K, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu). In the same context, inoculation treatments followed the descending order of SARS-Rh3 + SARS-Rh5>SARS-Rh5>SARS-Rh3 > control for total carbohydrate and protein % of cowpea seeds during 2018 and 2019 seasons. For assessment of seed quality viz., seed germination (%), seedling length (cm), seedling weight (g), vigour index I and vigour index II were higher in 2019 than 2018 season. Similar finding was observed in economic evaluation for SARS-Rh3+SARS-Rh5 treatment which enhanced profitability of cowpea during the two growing seasons.
Three field experiments were carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm, Kafer El-Sheikh Governorate, ARC, Egypt, during three successive winter seasons of 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11, to investigate the performance of some egyption clover genotype for its resistance/tolerance to dodder infestation. Anatomical structures as well as biochemical analyses for berseem plants were carried out to identify variation in the correlated traits with tolerance to dodder infestation. The results indicated that genotypes no. 35 and 65 showed that the moderate genotypes behaved different, the parasite is scarcely able to pierce the epidermis but lignifications of host pericycle and starch sheath showed incompatible interaction between clover genotypes and C. planiflora. The sensitive genotypes no. 29 and 94 were in contrast compatible with the parasite, the infection developed normally with the intrusive cells reaching the center cylinder and the host vascular tissues. The results indicated that the amount of phenolic acids is relatively high; 1111.65 and 965.24 g/100 mg of foliage dry weight for genotypes; Helali and no. 51, respectively. These two genotypes could retain some tolerance to the infestation with C. planiflora. Whereas, the phenolic acids in the genotypes no. 35 and 74 which are considered to some extent retain moderate tolerance to infestation with dodder were present in lesser concentration (784.6 and 735.38 g/100 mg). While, Genotypes no. 94 and 29 which could be considered susceptible to infestation with dodder, phenolic acids were found in trace amounts (386.64 and 423.02 g/100 mg), respectively. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, P-hydroxyl benzoic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanllic acid and syringic acid and their concentrations were different from berseem genotype to another. The obtained results may be encouraging to use the tolerant genotypes, which had the least reduction percentages due to dodder infestation, for developing compost or synthetic cultivar(s) which retain tolerance to dodder infestation. This cultivar could be used by itself as a way of control of dodder in farmers' fields or integrated with the other factors of dodder control.
Thirteen populations of Egyptian clover had evaluated. Eight promising populations selected for high forage yield and five varieties were evaluated for forage yield and its components at Sakha Agricultural Research Station across two growing seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. Genetic variance, phenotypic variance, heritability in broad sense, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variability were studied. The results from the combined analysis of two seasons showed that Helaly variety recorded the highest of total fresh yield, total dry yield, mean plant height and mean No. of stems (0.25m 2 ) whereas (107.39 kg/plot, 2.87 kg/plot, 74.2cm. and 251.56). Heritability was high for all traits studied. Fresh forage yield was highly significance (92.9%) followed by No. of stems (86.2%). Positive correlation was obtained between dry forage yield and No. of stems (0.956 and 0.992). Also, between dry forage yield and No. of stems (0.938) and fresh leaf/stem ratio with dry leaf stem ratio (0.996). Path-coefficient analysis revealed that No. of stems had the highest positive direct effect on fresh forage yield (dependent) (0.956), followed by dry leaf/stem ratio (0.867) and plant height (0.13) independents.
This investigation was conducted at the laboratory of Seed Technology Research Department at Sakha Agric. Res. Station ARC, Egypt, during the year of 2016-2017, to study the effect of salinity of four sea water levels i.e. 0, 4, 6 and 8ML-1 mixed with distillated water which was used as the evaluation included a control seed germination, shoot length, root length, seedling fresh and dry weight of all 16 genotype varieties. The experimental design was factorial completely randomize arrangement Excluded in a design with three replicates. Seeds were sowed in patri-dishes. The effect of seawater concentrations varied significantly where the germination percentage, shoot length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight decreased with the increasing of the seawater concentrations from 0 to 8ML-1. The maximum germination percentage was found with fahl genotype (mono cut type) and for Sakha 4 (mult-cut type). Among the 64 treatments combinations the lowest germination percentage was found in population 46 and differed, in fresh weight for the seedling which ranged between 185.83 and 50.83 (mg) for Fahl and Sakha4, respectively while genotype Helaly gave 237.50(mg). The highest germination percentage was obtained for Serw 1, Fahl, Sakha4 and Sakha 96 genotypes, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest germination percentage under the highest level was Sakha comp 2000. ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) and Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis were utilized in this study to evaluate at molecular level the differences between levels of water salinity stress of Egyptian clover. Five primers of ISSR generate highly genetic variation for resistance, moderate and sensitive. Clover genotypes resulting in salinity stress. 72, 68, 62, 31, and 25% of genetic similarity were reflected for third, fifth, fourth, second and first ISSR primers. Common important protein fraction with 54 KDa was expressed in all resistance, moderate and sensitive as well Egyptian clover which refers to its importance role in salinity metabolism cycle. Varied protein interactions were distinguished clearly and showed different responses or reaction for salinity level.
Egyptian clover or berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is the principle forage crop in Egypt. Unfortunately, the uncertified and uncontrolled local seeds are being contaminated with dodder (Cuscuta spp.) seeds, which affecting negatively both productivity and quality of produced forage. Three field experiments were carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm, Kafer El-Sheikh Governorate, ARC, Egypt, during three successive winter seasons; 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11, to investigate the performance of 100 berseem genotypes; 96 farmers seed lots and four commercial cultivars for its resistance/tolerance to dodder infestation. Highly significant differences were observed among the 100 genotypes under evaluation as well as the interaction between the sets and genotypes for all cuts and seasonal yield in the 1 st season. The commercial cultivar; Helali (Genotype no.111) has high potential and high-yielding ability in comparison with other cultivars and landraces. It was bred for relatively high ability to rapid re-growth which may be associated with tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition to, some landraces retained the least reduction percent of total chlorophyll. In general, the berseem genotypes under investigation manifested highly significant differences at all cuts and seasonal fresh and dry yield as well as chlorophyll content for reduction percent due to dodder infestation.
The present study was carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station in the summer 2020 and 2021 seasons. Ten summer forage crops namely, Millet Saudia Arabia, Selection Millet1, Selection Millet2, Millet Shandawel 1, Sudangrass Giza1, Sudangrass Piper black ,Sorghum SX-17 were evaluated for downy mildew and common smut diseases and forage yield and some traits. Three cuts were taken from the seven fresh forage crops and only one cut for silage from maize (95 days), Teosinte and maize × teosinte (100days). Mean values of forage crops genotypes revealed significant to highly significant differences. Piper black had the highest fresh and dry forage yields at the three cuts and total over the two seasons which had (26.4,22.3,17.1 and 65.7kg/plot) for fresh and 5.3,2.8,2.5 and 10.59 for dry yield ,respectively . For combined data millet Shandawal 1 had 46.7 kg/plot, and 7.8 kg/plot ,while Saudia Arabia Millet gave 31.3 and 4.9 kg/plot, for total fresh and dry forage yields, respectively, so Shandawal 1 surpass Saudia Arabia by 49.2 and 59.2% for fresh and dry yield . Also, sorghum, piper black surpass SX-17 by 19.2 and 26.5 % for total fresh and dry yield, respectively. Maize SC168 x Teosinte Sakha was the highest for plant height (298 cm) ,stem diameter (2.9 cm) ,fresh/leaf stem percent(81%) and fresh forage yield (69 kg/plot) and exceed teosinte by 5.7,93.3,24.6 and 8.7% ,respectively . Meanwhile, exceed maize SC168 by 11.2, 16.0, 72.3 and 122.6%for plant height ,stem diameter ,fresh/leaf stem percent and fresh forage yield ,respectively. Saudia Arabia Millet and hybrid SX -17 were susceptible (s) to downy mildew disease on the other hand pearl millet 2,3,Giza 1 and piper black were resistance ( R ) to downy mildew disease at the three cuts in the two seasons . The local pearl millet1 , pearl millet2 , and pearl millet 3 (Shandawal 1) recorded the lowest percent of total infection by downy mildew disease1.666,0.000 and 1.333% respectively, also Giza 1 and piper black genotypes recorded the lowest percent of total infection by downy mildew disease which had 2.13 and 4.13% ,respectively. These tested local pearl millet and Giza 1 and piper black , were resistant(R) to downy mildew disease and can be used in breeding programs as sources of resistance to tested disease, In the revers , the imported pearl millet (Saudia Arabia pearl millet) and hybrid sorghum SX -17 were susceptible and recorded 20.33and 34.26, respectively. These results indicated dangerousness of importing susceptible materials. On the other hand, teosinte genotype was resistant to infection by downy mildew disease and the total infection percent was 0.000 in the first reading and 0.666% in the second , but maize was susceptible and recorded (16.70%) as total infection. Therefore the crossing between maize and teosinte resulted in moderate resistant (MR) whereas, 5.966% and 5.166% in the first and second reading. As common smut, teosinte was susceptible (s) but maize and maize x teosinte hybrid were moderate resistant (MR) for common smut infection disease. Finely, the local genotypes are better than the imported Saudi Arabia millet. Hybrid maize x teosinte was the best had more than twice maize silage yield (122.6%).
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