This review article aims to present the epidemiology and associated risk factors of allergic rhinitis (AR) in Asia. AR-related literature published on Asia was systematically reviewed and the associated risk factors were investigated.The prevalence of AR in Asia varied considerably depending on the geographical location, study design and population involved. Several risk factors were observed to have strong association with disease presentation across multiple studies. Among these, family income, family size, daily personal computer usage time, personal and parental education attainment, and stress level have shown some level of biological gradient influence when multiple risk levels were analyzed. This suggests that AR manifestation and presentation possibly might be strongly affected by various personal and family factors. These findings are beneficial as they may provide insights into modifiable factors that may influence AR presentation. In addition, these results indicate that strategies to reduce personal and family-related risk factors have to be developed in order to alleviate the odds of AR expression.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40413-018-0198-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Background Comprehensive, age-stratified dengue surveillance data are unavailable from India and many more dengue cases occur than are reported. Additional information on dengue transmission dynamics can inform understanding of disease endemicity and infection risk. Methods Using age-stratified dengue IgG seroprevalence data from 2556 Indian children aged 5–10 years, we estimated annual force of infection (FOI) at each of 6 sites using a binomial regression model. We estimated the ages by which 50 and 70% of children were first infected; and predicted seroprevalence in children aged 1–10 years assuming constant force-of-infection. Applying these infection rates to national census data, we then calculated the number of primary dengue infections occurring, annually, in Indian children. Results Annual force-of-infection at all sites combined was 11.9% (95% CI 8.8–16.2), varying across sites from 3.5% (95% CI 2.8–4.4) to 21.2% (95% CI 18.4–24.5). Overall, 50 and 70% of children were infected by 5.8 (95% CI 4.3–7.9) and 10.1 (95% CI 7.4–13.7) years respectively. In all sites except Kalyani, > 70% of children had been infected before their 11th birthday, and goodness-of-fit statistics indicated a relatively constant force-of-infection over time except at two sites (Wardha and Hyderabad). Nationwide, we estimated 17,013,527 children (95% CI: 14,518,438- 19,218,733), equivalent to 6.5% of children aged < 11 years, experience their first infection annually. Conclusions Dengue force-of-infection in India is comparable to other highly endemic countries. Significant variation across sites exists, likely reflecting local epidemiological variation. The number of annual primary infections is indicative of a significant, under-reported burden of secondary infections and symptomatic episodes. Trial registration Registered retrospectively with clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT01477671 ; 18/11/2011) and clinical trials registry of India (ctri.nic.in; CTRI/2011/12/002243 ; 15/12/2011). Date of enrollment of 1st subject: 22/9/2011. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7432-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Seeds exhibit primary dormancy to prevent germination under unfavourable conditions. Previous studies have shown that the gibberellin signalling intermediate RGA-LIKE2 (RGL2) forms a transcription factor complex with DNA BINDING1 ZINC FINGER6 (DOF6) in regulating seed dormancy in Arabidopsis. Using RNA sequencing approach, we identified MAJOR LATEX PROTEIN-LIKE PROTEIN329 (MLP329) as a downstream target of DOF6. MLP329 is a positive regulator of primary seed dormancy, because freshly harvested unstratified mlp329 mutant seeds showed early germination, while unstratified 35S::MLP329 seeds showed poor germination. MLP329 expression level reduces in wild type (WT) seeds upon dry storage and cold stratification. MLP329 expression level is enhanced by DOF6; however, DOF6-dependent MLP329 expression is suppressed in the presence of RGL2. MLP329 expression is enhanced in abscisic acid (ABA)- and auxin (IAA)-treated seeds. Moreover, the mlp329 mutant seeds exhibited enhanced expression of GA biosynthetic gene (GA1) and suppression of ABA (ZEP) compared to the ectopic expression lines. The observed suppression of DOF6-dependent MLP329 expression by RGL2 reveals a possible negative feedback mechanism to modulate seed dormancy. MLP329 also likely enhances endogenous ABA/GA ratio to positively regulate primary seed dormancy.
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