Saxitoxin (STX), as a type of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), is gaining widespread attention due to its long existence in edible shellfish. However, the mechanism underlying STX chronic exposure-induced effect is not well understood. Here, we evaluated the neurotoxicity effects of long-term low-dose STX exposure on C57/BL mice by behavioral tests, pathology analysis, and hippocampal proteomics analysis. Several behavioral tests showed that mice were in a cognitive deficiency after treated with 0, 0.5, 1.5, or 4.5 μg STX equivalents/kg body weight in the drinking water for 3 months. Compared with control mice, STX-exposed mice exhibited brain neuronal damage characterized by decreasing neuronal cells and thinner pyramidal cell layers in the hippocampal CA1 region. A total of 29 proteins were significantly altered in different STX dose groups. Bioinformatics analysis showed that protein phosphatase 1 (Ppp1c) and arylsulfatase A (Arsa) were involved in the hippo signaling pathway and sphingolipid metabolism pathway. The decreased expression of Arsa indicates that long-term low doses of STX exposure can cause neuronal inhibition, which is a process related to spatial memory impairment. Taken together, our study provides a new understanding of the molecular mechanisms of STX neurotoxicity.
Paralytic shell sh toxins (PSTs) produced by certain marine dino agellates accumulate in lter-feeding marine bivalves. We used LC-MS/MS to detect and quantify 13 PSTs in 188 shell sh samples of 14 species collected from Shenzhen city's Buji seafood wholesale market from March 2019 to February 2020. Twenty-six of 188 shell sh samples (13.8%) were PST-positive, with highest values in samples of the Noble clam Chlamys nobilis (10/34, 29.4%). Samples originating from Nan'ao island among 11 source sites in China recorded the highest detected rate (7/17, 41.2%). Samples containing PSTs were concentrated in Spring and Winter, with the highest levels in March > December > January. Among PSTs detected, C1 was dominant. Acute dietary exposure assessments for Shenzhen residents were based on P 99 consumption data (139.2g/day) and maximum PST concentration for each shell sh species. The outcome for Chlamys nobilis was 2.4 ~ 3.7-fold higher than recommended ARfDs (0.5 ~ 0.7 µg STX eq./kg bw/day). Mean PST concentration (10.9 ~ 134.1 µg STX Eq. /kg), mean shell sh consumption (4.8 g/day) and P 99 consumption data were used to assess chronic dietary exposure. The results were lower than the recommended ARfDs. In conclusion, residents in Shenzhen are at risk for acute PST poisoning, while relatively safe from chronic PST exposure.
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by certain marine dinoflagellates accumulate in filter-feeding marine bivalves. We used LC-MS/MS to detect and quantify 13 PSTs in 188 shellfish samples of 14 species collected from Shenzhen city’s Buji seafood wholesale market from March 2019 to February 2020. Twenty-six of 188 shellfish samples (13.8%) were PST- positive, with highest values in samples of the Noble clam Chlamys nobilis (10/34, 29.4%). Samples originating from Nan’ao island among 11 source sites in China recorded the highest detected rate (7/17, 41.2%). Samples containing PSTs were concentrated in Spring and Winter, with the highest levels in March > December > January. Among PSTs detected, C1 was dominant. Acute dietary exposure assessments for Shenzhen residents were based on P99 consumption data (139.2g/day) and maximum PST concentration for each shellfish species. The outcome for Chlamys nobilis was 2.4 ~ 3.7-fold higher than recommended ARfDs (0.5 ~ 0.7 µg STX eq./kg bw/day). Mean PST concentration (10.9 ~ 134.1 µg STX Eq. /kg), mean shellfish consumption (4.8 g/day) and P99 consumption data were used to assess chronic dietary exposure. The results were lower than the recommended ARfDs. In conclusion, residents in Shenzhen are at risk for acute PST poisoning, while relatively safe from chronic PST exposure.
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