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Background Forest restoration has been considered an effective method to increase soil organic carbon (SOC), whereas it remains unclear whether long-term forest restoration will continuously increase SOC. Such large uncertainties may be mainly due to the limited knowledge on how soil microorganisms will contribute to SOC accumulation over time. Methods We simultaneously documented SOC, total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), and amino sugars (AS) content across a forest restoration gradient with average stand ages of 14, 49, 70, and > 90 years in southern China. Results The SOC and AS continuously increased with stand age. The ratio of fungal PLFAs to bacterial PLFAs showed no change with stand age, while the ratio of fungal AS to bacterial AS significantly increased. The total microbial residue-carbon (AS-C) accounted for 0.95–1.66 % in SOC across all forest restoration stages, with significantly higher in fungal residue-C (0.68–1.19 %) than bacterial residue-C (0.05–0.11 %). Furthermore, the contribution of total AS-C to SOC was positively correlated with clay content at 0–10 cm soil layer but negatively related to clay content at 10–20 cm soil layer. Conclusions These findings highlight the significant contribution of AS-C to SOC accumulation along forest restoration stages, with divergent contributions from fungal residues and bacterial residues. Soil clay content with stand age significantly affects the divergent contributions of AS-C to SOC at two different soil layers.

Posttraumatic fistula between the internal pudendal artery and urethra is rarely reported in the literature. We report a case of bilateral internal pudendal artery-urethral fistula formation by pseudoaneurysm, following a blunt pelvic trauma in which superselective angiography revealed the site of bleeding. The fistula was treated with superselective arterial embolization.

High-energy trauma to the shoulder is associated with multiple injuries and is often difficult to evaluate. One of these complex traumas is the displacement of the humeral head into the thoracic cavity. This study aimed to report a patient who presented after falling three floors. Initially, the patient underwent chest drainage and thoracoscopy to remove the displaced humeral head and, subsequently, underwent delayed artificial humeral head replacement. Hemodynamic stability, systematic evaluation, removal of the humeral head, and individual shoulder reconstruction are recommended for these patients.

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