Calcineurin B-like (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) play a crucial role in biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, the roles of different CIPKs in biotic and abiotic stress responses are less well characterized. In this study, we identified a mutation leading to an early protein termination of the maize CIPK gene ZmCIPK42 that undergoes a G to A mutation at the coding region via searching for genes involved in salt stress tolerance and ion homeostasis from maize with querying the EMS mutant library of maize B73. The mutant zmcipk42 plants have less branched tassel and impaired salt stress tolerance at the seedling stage. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ZmCIPK42was expressed in diverse tissues and was induced by NaCl stress. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified a proteinase inhibitor (ZmMPI) as well as calcineurin B-like protein 1 and protein 4 (ZmCBL1, ZmCBL4) as interaction partners of ZmCIPK42. These interactions were further confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation in plant cells. Moreover, over-expressing ZmCIPK42 resulted in enhanced tolerance to high salinity in both maize and Arabidopsis. These findings suggest that ZmCIPK42 is a positive regulator of salt stress tolerance and is a promising candidate gene to improve salt stress tolerance in maize through genetic manipulation.
Verticillium wilt which produced by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae is an important biotic threat that limits cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growth and agricultural productivity. It is very essential to explore new genes for the generation of V. dahliae resistance or tolerance cotton varieties. Ca 2+ signaling as a secondary messenger is involved in pathogen stress response. Despite Ca 2+ -responsive phospholipidbinding BONZAI (BON) genes have intensively been investigated in Arabidopsis, their function has not still been characterized in cotton. Here, we show that three copies of GhBON1, two copies of GhBON2 and GhBON3 were found from the genome sequences of upland cotton. The expression of GhBON1 is inducible to both V. dahliae and salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and H 2 O 2 stresses. Knocking down of GhBON1, GhBON2 and GhBON3 using virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) each increases upregulation of defense responses in cotton. These GhBON1, GhBON2 and GhBON3-silenced plants enhance resistance to V. dahliae accompanied by higher burst of hydrogen peroxide and increased cell death and have more effect on the up-regulation of defense response genes. Further analysis revealed that GhBON1 could interacts with BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinase 1 (GhBIR1) and pathogenassociated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor regulator BAK1 (GhBAK1) at plasma membrane. Our study further reveals that plant Ca 2+ -responsive phospholipid-binding BONZAI genes negatively regulate Verticillium wilt with the conserved function in response to disease resistance or plant immunity.
Verticillium wilt which produced by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae is an important biotic threat that limits cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growth and agricultural productivity. It is very essential to explore new genes for the generation of V. dahliae resistance or tolerance cotton varieties. Ca2+ signaling as a secondary messenger is involved in pathogen stress response. Despite Ca2+-responsive phospholipid-binding BONZAI (BON) genes have intensively been investigated in Arabidopsis, their function has not still been characterized in cotton. Here, we show that three copies of GhBON1, two copies of GhBON2 and GhBON3 were found from the genome sequences of upland cotton. The expression of GhBON1 is inducible to both V. dahliae and salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and H2O2 stresses. Knocking down of GhBON1, GhBON2 and GhBON3 using virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) each increases up-regulation of defense responses in cotton. These GhBON1, GhBON2 and GhBON3-silenced plants enhance resistance to V. dahliae accompanied by higher burst of hydrogen peroxide and increased cell death and have more effect on the up-regulation of defense response genes. Further analysis revealed that GhBON1 could interacts with BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinase 1 (GhBIR1) and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor regulator BAK1 (GhBAK1) at plasma membrane. Our study further reveals that plant Ca2+-responsive phospholipid-binding BONZAI genes negatively regulate Verticillium wilt with the conserved function in response to disease resistance or plant immunity.
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