The influence of crystal volume fraction on machining behavior was investigated for modified mica–glass‐ceramic materials that contained B2O3, Na2O, Li2O, and ZnO and had low melting temperatures. The machining behavior was characterized by drilling rate under a constant drilling force and chip morphology in a cutting test. To achieve the greatest drilling rate, an optimization volume fraction of crystalline mica (40%) had to be used; a further increase in the fraction of crystalline mica resulted in a corresponding decrease in the drilling rate. For this type of mica–glass‐ceramic, a continuous band of chips and a highly smooth cut surface could be formed during the cutting test at a high cutting velocity of 60 m/min and a depth of 1 mm. The results demonstrated that an outstanding machining behavior for glass‐ceramics can be achieved and that it can be comparable with metallic materials.
The paper presents the experimental study that is flow mechanism of bottom water breakthrough into oil well with horizontal well of barrier interbed and permeable interbed was studied, and reservoir physical simulations of barrier layer and permeable interbed flow of horizontal well were performed by 2D physical visible model. The model is made of two polymethylmethacrylucote planes of transparent and the metal frame that dimensional is 700mm × 300mm × 14mm. The production mechanism and flow behavior of bottom water reservoirs of barrier interbed and permeable interbed horizontal well was revealed. All development process of water cresting of barrier interbed and permeable interbed were shown by the experiment. Meanwhile, the some rules that are point displacement no better than the displacement of bottom water, and there is no phenomenal of water cresting to the permeable interbed, and result in water-free recovery percent of reserves and terminal oil recovery both are enhancement. The authors discovered that the weak permeable interbed had high water-free recovery percentage of reserves and terminal oil recovery after the weak permeable interbed compares with the barrier interbed. The experiment reveals the to effect horizontal well production rate on main sensitive factors, such as the horizontal well length and the displacement pressure drawdown. The paper presents also same horizontal well length to increase pressure drawdown about two times then terminal oil recovery to decline 3.14per cent and water-free recovery percentage of reserves to decline 13.7percent to the weak permeable interbed. The bottom water reservoir of weak permeable interbed and barrier interbed both should develop to mitigate water cresting and prolong bottom water breakthrough into oil well in the some degrees respectively.
Using the multilateral well to build up manual barrier layer for the water control in bottom water reservoir with horizontal well. The new concept development has been established through the experiment.
An accurate prediction of wax deposition profiles along a production line has significant impact on savings, pipeline design, flow assurance and operations of waxy crude production system in oil industry. Validation of wax deposition model by a field test is a necessary step to ensure accuracy of the modeling results.
A field, located in Northeast China, was chosen for the field test. A pipeline was installed between wellhead and original production line. After 18 days of field test, the pipeline was disassembled and cut into 31 pieces. The amount of wax deposition in each piece of pipe was measured and recorded. In the field test pipeline, waxy crude was transported under multiploase flow conditions at temperatures below pour point. The wax deposition model is a semi-empirical model to include molecular diffusion and shear effects. A scaler is proposed for the modeling. The accuracy of this model relies on the accurate experimental data obtained from the special wax-deposition-flow-loop test procedures. The state of art wax deposition flow loop, built in Beijing, China by two oil companies. can accurately and cost effectively determine wax deposition tendency and rheology of waxy crude from temperatures above the oil cloud point to ambient.
A recombined live oil was used in the laboratory flow loop tests. The laboratory data and the field operating conditions were input to the wax deposition model. The modeling results were compared to the field data for validation. The accuracy of the modeling results and modeling technique are discussed in this paper.
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