No abstract

NIX primarily regulates basal level of mitophagy in physiological conditions, whereas BNIP3 exclusively activates excessive mitophagy leading to cell death.

Background N 7 ‐methylguanosine (m 7 G) modification is one of the most common transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications in humans. The precise function and molecular mechanism of m 7 G tRNA modification in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain poorly understood. Methods The prognostic value and expression level of m 7 G tRNA methyltransferase complex components methyltransferase‐like protein‐1 (METTL1) and WD repeat domain 4 (WDR4) in HCC were evaluated using clinical samples and TCGA data. The biological functions and mechanisms of m 7 G tRNA modification in HCC progression were studied in vitro and in vivo using cell culture, xenograft model, knockin and knockout mouse models. The m 7 G reduction and cleavage sequencing (TRAC‐seq), polysome profiling and polyribosome‐associated mRNA sequencing methods were used to study the levels of m 7 G tRNA modification, tRNA expression and mRNA translation efficiency. Results The levels of METTL1 and WDR4 are elevated in HCC and associated with advanced tumour stages and poor patient survival. Functionally, silencing METTL1 or WDR4 inhibits HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, while forced expression of wild‐type METTL1 but not its catalytic dead mutant promotes HCC progression. Knockdown of METTL1 reduces m 7 G tRNA modification and decreases m 7 G‐modified tRNA expression in HCC cells. Mechanistically, METTL1‐mediated tRNA m 7 G modification promotes the translation of target mRNAs with higher frequencies of m 7 G‐related codons. Furthermore, in vivo studies with Mettl1 knockin and conditional knockout mice reveal the essential physiological function of Mettl1 in hepatocarcinogenesis using hydrodynamics transfection HCC model. Conclusions Our work reveals new insights into the role of the misregulated tRNA modifications in liver cancer and provides molecular basis for HCC diagnosis and treatment.

No abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with senile beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques and cognitive decline. Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is implicated in regulating learning and memory, and is increased in human postmortem brain of AD patients. However, little is currently known about the changes of hippocampal neurogenesis in the progression of AD. As brain tissues from patients during the progression of AD are generally not available, an amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin1 (PS1) double transgenic mouse model of AD was studied. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling supported by doublecortin staining was used to detect proliferating hippocampal cells in the mice. Compared with age-matched wild-type controls, 9-month-old transgenic mice with memory impairment and numerous brain Abeta deposits showed increased numbers of proliferating hippocampal cells. However, 3-month-old transgenic mice with normal memory and subtle brain Abeta deposits showed normal hippocampal proliferation. Double immunofluorescent labeling with BrdU and either NeuN or glial fibrillary acidic protein was conducted in mice at 10 months (28 days after the last BrdU injection) to determine the differentiation of proliferating cells. The number of hippocampal BrdU-positive cells and BrdU-positive cells differentiating into neurons (neurogenesis) in 10-month-old mice was greater in transgenic mice compared with age-matched controls, but the ratio of hippocampal BrdU-positive cells differentiating into neurons and astroglia was comparable. These results suggest hippocampal neurogenesis may increase during the progression of AD. Targeting this change in neurogenesis and understanding the underlying mechanism could lead to the development of a new treatment to control the progression of AD.

The chronic stress model was developed on the basis of the stress-diathesis hypothesis of depression. However, these behavioural responses associated with different stress paradigms are quite complex. This study examined the effects of two chronic stress regimens on anxiety-like and depressive behaviours. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress or to chronic restraint stress for 4 weeks. Subsequently, both anxiety-like behaviours (open field, elevated plus maze and novelty suppressed feeding) and depression-like behaviours (tail suspension, forced swim and sucrose preference) were evaluated. Both chronic stress models generated anxiety-like behaviours, whereas only unpredictable chronic mild stress could induce depressive behaviours such as increased immobility and decreased sucrose consumption. These results of the present study provide additional evidence on how chronic stress affects behavioural responses and point to the importance of the validity of animal models of chronic stress in studying depression.

BaCKgRoUND aND aIMS:The dynamic N6methyladenosine (m 6 A) mRNA modification is essential for acute stress response and cancer progression. Sublethal heat stress from insufficient radiofrequency ablation (IRFA) has been confirmed to promote HCC progression; however, whether m 6 A machinery is involved in IRFA-induced HCC recurrence remains open for study. appRoaCH aND ReSUltS: Using an IRFA HCC orthotopic mouse model, we detected a higher level of m 6 A reader YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1-3 (YTHDF1) in the sublethal-heat-exposed transitional zone close to the ablation center than that in the farther area. In addition, we validated the increased m 6 A modification and elevated YTHDF1 protein level in sublethal-heat-treated HCC cell lines, HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model, and patients' HCC tissues. Functionally, gain-of-function/lossof-function assays showed that YTHDF1 promotes HCC cell viability and metastasis. Knockdown of YTHDF1 drastically restrains the tumor metastasis evoked by sublethal heat treatment in tail vein injection lung metastasis and orthotopic HCC mouse models. Mechanistically, we found that sublethal heat treatment increases epidermal factor growth receptor (EGFR) m 6 A modification in the vicinity of the 5′ untranslated region and promotes its binding with YTHDF1, which enhances the translation of EGFR mRNA. The sublethalheat-induced up-regulation of EGFR level was further confirmed in the IRFA HCC PDX mouse model and patients' tissues. Combination of YTHDF1 silencing and EGFR inhibition suppressed the malignancies of HCC cells synergically. CoNClUSIoNS:The m 6 A-YTHDF1-EGFR axis promotes HCC progression after IRFA, supporting the rationale for targeting m 6 A machinery combined with EGFR inhibitors to suppress HCC metastasis after RFA. (Hepatology 2021;74:1339-1356). R adiofrequency ablation (RFA) is now recommended as one of the curative therapies for early-stage HCC by guidelines of the American Association for the Study of Liver

Studies have implicated astrocytic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of astrocytes in the pathophysiology and treatment of the disease is poorly characterized. Here, we identified astrocytes as independent key factors involved in several Alzheimer-like phenotypes in an APP/PS1 mouse model, including amyloid pathology, altered neuronal and synaptic properties, and impaired cognition. In vitro astrocytes from APP/PS1 mice induced synaptotoxicity as well as reduced dendritic complexity and axonal branching of hippocampal neurons. These astrocytes produced high levels of soluble β-amyloid (Aβ) which could be significantly inhibited by fluoxetine (FLX) via activating serotonin 5-HT2 receptors. FLX could also protect hippocampal neurons against astrocyte-induced neuronal damage in vitro. In the same APP/PS1 mice, FLX inhibited activation of astrocytes, lowered Aβ products, ameliorated neurotoxicity, and improved behavioral performance. These findings may provide a basis for the clinical application of FLX in patients, and may also lay the groundwork for exploration of other novel astrocyte-based therapies of AD.