Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa are the most common sputum pathogens in hospitalized patients with AECOPD in Taiwan, with the former being more commonly isolated from mild COPD and the latter associated with poor clinical outcome. These results should be considered when deciding which antibiotics should initially be used to treat patients with AECOPD.

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Congestive heart failure and metastatic infections were predictors of mortality. Isolates with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin that emerged during persistent MRSA bacteraemia were associated with mortality. Aggressive attempts to completely eradicate foci should be encouraged.

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