INTRODUCTION Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved housekeeping cellular degradation and recycling process, whereby misfolded proteins and exhausted organelles are degraded to maintain cellular homeostasis. A series of autophagy-related proteins are involved in these processes, including microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II), LC3-I, sequestosome 1 (P62), BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3 (Bnip3), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp-1) [1, 2].
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