In recent decades, the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have increased such that it is becoming a major worldwide public health problem. Berberine is a natural product from a Chinese herb, which has been used as anti-diabetic and anti-inflammation medication for centuries. More recently, berberine has also proven its long-term effect on improving patient and animal models with T2DM via several intracellular signal pathways. Here, we summarize its acute and chronic anti-diabetic effect both in vitro and in vivo. It is projected that the efficacy and safety of berberine will be proven in clinical trials and animal experiments in future, and this herb extract might be known as a new class of anti-diabetic drug.
With the fast increase in morbidity and mortality, lung cancer has become one of the greatest threats to physical health in some countries. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have a significant influence on the treatment landscape of lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This review highlights the most important ICIs used in lung cancer at present, anti-CTLA-4 and PD-1/L1. The application status, efficacy, shortcomings and prospect of each drug, including Ipilimumab (CTLA-4), Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Durvalumab (PD-1/L1), are listed to show the drug indication in the current market. By comparing different drugs, the direction of ICI drug development can be more precise, which can have an important influence on choosing drugs for lung cancer treatment.
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