BackgroundEsophageal carcinoma (EC) is one of the major cancers in China. In 1982, Syrjanen first hypothesized the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the development of esophageal cancer. Since then, many reports in the field have supported this viewpoint. This study investigated the etiological relationship between HPV infection and the occurrence of esophageal carcinoma at Tangshan City of the Hebei province in China.Methods189 samples of esophageal carcinoma patients were collected. DNA and RNA were isolated from samples, HPV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using My09/11 for HPV L1, and HPV16 was determined using type-specific primer sets for HPV16 E6. The HPV16 integration site was verified by amplification of papillomavirus oncogene transcripts, and HPV16 oncogene transcript products were ligated to the pMD-18 T vector and sequenced to confirm the physical location of HPV16 integration.Results168 HPV-positive samples were detected in 189 samples, and among them 76 specimens were HPV16 positive. Approximately 600 bp of the HPV16 oncogene transcript were detected in nine esophageal cancer samples. Sequence analysis revealed that HPV16 E7 integrated into human chromosome 2 in three samples, into human chromosome 5 in one sample, into human chromosome 6 in one sample, into human chromosome 8 in two samples, and into human chromosome 17 in two samples. The results verified that the integrated HPV16 E7 in five samples harbored one mutation of viral DNA compared with the HPV16 sequence provided in GenBank (K02718).ConclusionsThe high prevalence of HPV16 suggests that HPV16 may play an etiological role in the development of esophageal cancer. The integration of HPV16 into host cell chromosomes suggests that persistent HPV infection is key for esophageal epithelial cell malignant transformation and carcinogenesis.
Giardia species are flagellated parasites of vertebrates and belong to the diplomonads, most of which have two nuclei. These organisms were classified among the earliest branching eukaryotes on the basis of small subunit rDNA sequences and their lack of many canonical organelles. However, some of these organelles have subsequently been identified in rudimentary form, such as Golgi that become apparent during encystation. One of the "missing" organelles has been the nucleolus, the site of rRNA synthesis, since it was not identified in earlier ultrastructural studies. In the current study, we visualized in-vitro-grown Giardia lamblia trophozoites by transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. We found that each of the two nuclei contains a single small and deeply stained granular nucleolus, thus demonstrating that Giardia does indeed have nucleoli.
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