The sensitivity of the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus, to sonar echoes at different time delays after sonar emissions was measured in a two-choice echo detection experiment. Since echo delay is perceptually equivalent to target range, the experiment effectively measured sensitivity to targets at different ranges. The bat's threshold for detecting sonar echoes at a short delay of only 1.0 msec after emissions (corresponding to a range of 17 cm) was 36 dB SPL (peak to peak), but the threshold decreased to 8 dB SPL at a longer delay of 6.4 msec (a range of 1.1 m). Prior research has shown that, at even longer delays (corresponding to ranges of 3 to 5 m), the bat's threshold is in the region of 0 dB SPL. Contractions of the bat's middle ear muscles synchronized with the production of echolocation sounds cause a transient loss in hearing sensitivity which appears to account for the observed echo detection threshold shifts. The bat's echo detection thresholds increase by approximately 11 dB for each reduction in target range by a factor of 2 over the span from 17 cm to 1.1 m. As range shortens, the amplitude of echoes from small targets also increases, by 12 dB for each 2-fold reduction in range. Thus, when approaching a target, the bat compensates for changes in echo strength as target range shortens by changing its hearing threshold. Since this compensation appears to occur in the middle ear, the bat regulates echoes reaching the cochlea to a stable amplitude during its approach to a target such as a flying insect. In addition to this automatic gain control linked to target range, the bat aims its head to track a target's position during approach, thus stabilizing echo amplitude even if the target's direction changes. We hypothesize that the bat's directional emissions, directional hearing, middle ear muscle contractions, and head aim response collectively create a three-dimensional spatial tracking filter which the bat locks onto targets to stabilize echo amplitudes during interception of prey. We further hypothesize that this regulation, which cancels echo amplitude changes caused by the target's changing spatial position, leaves the bat free to observe echo amplitude changes caused by the target's own actions, such as insect wing beats. Elimination of spatially dependent echo amplitude changes removes the cause of potentially troublesome changes in neural response latency and keeps stimulation from echoes in the "tip" region of auditory nerve fiber tuning curves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Some of the neurons in the nucleus intercollicularis and auditory cortex of the echolocating bat Eptesicus fuscus respond selectively to sonar echoes occurring with specific echo delays or pulse-echo intervals. They do not respond for a wide range of other types of sounds or for sonar echoes at longer or shorter pulse-echo intervals; they may, therefore, be specialized for detection and ranging of sonar targets.

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The sensitivity of the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus, for detection of a sonar target is impaired by the presence of additional targets located at similar distances. At a range of 54 cm, sensitivity to one target declines if the range separation to other targets is smaller than 8-9 cm. This loss of sensitivity is an example of clutter interference along the range axis, created by simultaneous masking of one set of echoes by another. Echoes that fall within an experimentally defined critical range band may sum together to contribute collectively to detection in that band. Echoes falling into separate bands may be detected independently. Acoustic glints within a band appear to be grouped together to be perceived as a single range-extended target of complex structure. Range bands may thus define what a "target" is by specifying within-target and between-target differences in range. The width of critical range bands appears to depend upon target range, with wider bands at greater ranges.