The ability to determine the gender of bovine embryos before the transfer is useful in livestock management, especially in dairy production, where female calves are favored. The milk production and meat are the result of both female and male cattle that benefits the dairy and beef industries (Sachan et al., 2020). Pre-implantation sexing of embryos also assists in the effectiveness of embryo transfers. In farm animals, there are two methods for sexing bovine embryos: invasive and non-invasive.The non-invasive treatment is considered the best since it preserves the embryo's autonomy. The invasive method does not protect the autonomy of an embryo and is likely to affect the embryo's chances of successful transfer. The milk quality and meat of both female and male cattle
Staphylococcus aureus is commonly associated with mastitis in dairy herds with potential public health implications. Overall, 303 samples were collected from September 2015 to July 2016 to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic pattern of drug resistance in S. aureus isolated from cases of clinical and sub-clinical bovine mastitis in Central Ethiopia. Milk samples were tested by using California Mastitis Test and positive samples were subjected for bacterial culture, disc diffusion test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of antimicrobial resistance. Based on California mastitis test (CMT) result and clinical examination, the prevalence of mastitis was 70.6%. S. aureus was isolated from 36.9% of CMT positive samples. The phenotypic determination of antimicrobial resistance showed that the isolates were most resistant to ampicillin (80%) followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23.3%), tetracycline (15%), streptomycin (10%) and gentamycin (3.3%) and equally to both erythromycin and chloramphenicol (1.6%). Characterization of the antimicrobial resistance gene was done by using PCR. Most of the isolates (56%) contained blaZ gene followed by ermB (33%), ermC (13.3%) and each ermA and msrA appeared only in 2% of the isolates. There was no isolate harboring the methicillin resistance mecA gene. Thirty six percent of the isolates contained more than one antibiotic resistance genes. The highest multidrug resistance (MDR) gene combination was observed by blaZ*ermB (31.25%) genes and the least frequently occurred were blaZ *ermA and msrA*ermB (3.12%) each. This study showed that consumption of raw milk could be considered as a critical source of antibiotic resistant S. aureus.
Background. In Ethiopia, livestock contributes 45% of agricultural GDP. Despite the economic role played by the sector, there have been little efforts to genetically improve the indigenous cattle. Morphological characterization of selected Ethiopian indigenous cattle has been made for (Bonga, Jimma, and Kerayu) cattle types. But, the selected indigenous cattle were not characterized at molecular level (genetic diversity information). Hence, this work was initiated to detect and determine the genetic diversity and population structure of selected Ethiopian indigenous cattle ecotypes using microsatellite markers. Results. Different alleles were identified (131) and thirty-three of these alleles were unique to specific ecotypes. All loci used were informative with PIC values ranging from 0.5 (TGLA126) to 0.84 (ETH10) with a mean of 0.70 per locus. The Shannon information index ranged from (I = 1.02) ILST006 to (I = 1.63) ETH10 with an average of 1.28 revealing there is genetic diversity. Moreover, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed 84% genetic variation within a population and 13% variation among populations. The value of F-statistics (Fst) (0.129 = 13%) indicated that there was moderate genetic differentiation among ecotypes. The (UPGMA) revealed, Bonga and Jimma clustered together while Kerayu cattle were relatively distinct, Principal coordinates analysis (PCOA) and structure analysis grouped the individual into different clusters confirming the presence of ecotype admixture due to geographical origins and uncontrolled mating. Conclusion. In general, this study has successfully characterized the genetic diversity and population structure of Bonga, Jimma, and Kerayu cattle ecotypes using high polymorphic/informative microsatellite markers. According to this study, Kerayu cattle have high AR and PA when compared to Bonga and Jimma cattle populations. So, the Kerayu population is more diverse than others and it is the hotspot for genetic diversity study. The generated information is very relevant for breeder and genetic conservation.
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