A case of infectious bursal disease outbreak in a flock of 100 Dominant black pullets, age 15-weeks, raise under intensive management system on a deep litter at a backyard farm. History revealed that the birds were vaccinated against Infectious bursal disease at one and three weeks of age using unidentified foreign Infectious bursal disease vaccine. An unidentified dose of Virucine (R) solution was added to the vaccine mixture. Infectious bursal disease was diagnosed base on clinical signs, postmortem findings, histopathological studies of the bursa of Fabricius and agar gel immunodiffusion test. The clinical signs observed on the sick birds in the farm include diarrhea, somnolence and anorexia. The disease ran a three day course with a mortality pattern of 2, on the first day; then 17 on the second day, and 5 on the third day. Necropsy findings showed echymotic to diffuse hemorrhages on the pectoral muscles, the bursa of Fabricius was enlarged, edematous and turgid, the kidneys were enlarged while the cloacae was swollen and filled with whitish to yellowish feces. Histopathological lesions in the bursae of Fabricius showed areas of cystic formation, interfollicular fibrosis and degeneration of the follicles. The bursae of Fabricius of the dead chickens were confirmed positive for Infectious bursal disease viral antigens by Agar gel immunodiffusion test. It was concluded that Infectious bursal disease, commonly observed in young birds of age between 3-6 weeks old was reported in growers of 15 weeks old in this study.
The study was carried out in three Local Government Areas: Jos North, Jos South and Jos East. For each egg type, twelve (12) samples each were collected from five (5) farms. A total of 360 samples were randomly collected consisting of equal number of quail and chicken eggs (180 each). A well-structured questionnaire was used to help analyze the results. Samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella isolates using standard microbiological practices. Isolates were confirmed using biochemical tests, and molecular characterization (using specific primers). Isolates were also tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion method. Results showed that 3(1.7%) chicken eggs were positive for Salmonella infection whereas no positive result was recorded from quail eggs. This resulted in a total prevalence of 0.9%. Bukuru and Zawan (Jos South) were the only farm locations with Salmonella positive cases with 1(8.3%) and 2(16.7%) respectively. Although the present finding has found low prevalence of salmonellosis in chicken and quail egg in the study area, there is need for constant monitoring on regular basis to avert health risks associated with consuming Salmonellae infected poultry products in endemic areas. The three (3) isolates were Salmonella Gallinarum and gave agglutination reaction with polyvalent O antisera and no reaction with polyvalent H antisera. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) results confirmed all the three (3) isolates that were successfully amplified using specific primers, thus supporting phenotypic outcome. The information provided in this report is crucial to all stakeholders including the poultry farmers, consumers and regulators of chicken products.
Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important avian diseases. Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have the potential of rapid spread, and may cause serious economic impact and international trade restrictions for the poultry industry. The objective was to study the clinical, gross and histo-pathological and immunohistopathological changes of Newcastle disease infection in apparently healthy and sick indigenous chickens, ducks, pigeons and some wild birds in Plateau State. Methodology: The indigenous chickens used in this study were randomly selected from apparently healthy and from those with suggestive clinical signs of ND. A total of 638 birds were used for the study. Out of the total number of birds sampled, 349 were indigenous chickens, 98 pigeons, 96 ducks and 95 from different species of wild birds. Out of the number sampled from indigenous chickens, 169 (44.01%) were live birds, while 180 (46.90%) were carcasses. Tissues were collected from indigenous chickens, pigeons, ducks and some wild birds from both sick, and apparently healthy unvaccinated flocks to screen for the presence of NDV by immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry were done using standard laboratory procedures. Results: Clinical signs observed in live birds generally varied from weakness, greenish watery diarrhoea, respiratory difficulty, anorexia and coughing, torticollis, droopy wings, paralysis, partial leg paralysis, and opisthotonos. Generally, the gross lesions in euthanized and dead birds were mostly hyperaemia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, moderate enlargement of the heart, petechial haemorrhages on the mucosa surface of the proventriculus and haemorrhagic tracheitis, congestion and moderate enlargement of the pancreas, pulmonary congestion and congested kidneys. Histopathological changes include lymphoid depletion and connective tissue proliferation, enteritis, pulmonary congestion and splenitis. A total of six samples (1.56%) out of 349 from indigenous chickens had positive staining for NDV antigen using IHC technique. While there were only two samples out of the 95 wild birds samples positive by IHC, both of the positive samples were from Red-eyed Dove (Streptopelia semitorquata), resulting in a 25% (2/8) positive rate from this species; had positive staining for NDV by immunohistochemistry. All IHC positive cases in this study, in both wild birds and indigenous chickens shared similar staining patterns. Conclusion: The study also shows that NDV antigens in wild birds and indigenous chickens concentrate more in the spleen, pancreas, trachea and proventriculus. This study, presents for the first time to the best of our knowledge that viral antigens (NDV) in wild birds and indigenous chickens were demonstrated by immunohistochemical technique in Plateau State, Nigeria.
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