Over the past several decades, research has focused increasingly on developmental precursors to psychological disorders that were previously assumed to emerge only in adulthood. This change in focus follows from the recognition that complex transactions between biological vulnerabilities and psychosocial risk factors shape emotional and behavioral development beginning at conception. To date, however, empirical research on the development of borderline personality is extremely limited. Indeed, in the decade since M. M. Linehan initially proposed a biosocial model of the development of borderline personality disorder, there have been few attempts to test the model among at-risk youth. In this review, diverse literatures are reviewed that can inform understanding of the ontogenesis of borderline pathology, and testable hypotheses are proposed to guide future research with at-risk children and adolescents. One probable pathway is identified that leads to borderline personality disorder; it begins with early vulnerability, expressed initially as impulsivity and followed by heightened emotional sensitivity. These vulnerabilities are potentiated across development by environmental risk factors that give rise to more extreme emotional, behavioral, and cognitive dysregulation.
Keywordsborderline personality disorder (BPD); developmental psychopathology; child; adolescent; selfinflicted injury Borderline personality disorder (BPD), which is characterized by persistent and pervasive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dysregulation, is among the most severe and perplexing behavioral disorders. BPD is a heterogeneous phenotype and results from a polythetic criterion set of which only five of nine behavioral features are required for a diagnosis. Thus, two individuals receiving a diagnosis of BPD could potentially overlap on only one diagnostic criterion. The BPD phenotype is broadly defined by features of emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, identity disturbance, problematic interpersonal relationships, and suicidal/selfinjurious behaviors, among others (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Currently, the developmental trajectory or trajectories that lead to BPD in adulthood remain unclear. Despite steady progress toward outlining the etiology of BPD (see Lenzenweger & Cicchetti, 2005), longitudinal research is still needed to identify biological vulnerabilities, environmental risk and protective factors, and patterns of homotypic and/or heterotypic continuity that lead to the diagnosis.When compared with research on other psychological disorders, such as depression and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), research on the development of BPD has been