Aspects of the use of psychoactive medication were assessed among 118 adults with intellectual disabilities who had been resettled from long-stay hospitals into two local dispersed housing services. The resulting data indicated that (1) 69% of people were receiving psychoactive medication primarily for the control of challenging behaviour;(2) only 8% had psychiatric diagnoses; (3) polypharmacy was frequent and (4) medication was continued over long periods sometimes without review. The prescribing practices of general practitioners tended to follow those inherited from the long-stay hospitals. The findings are compared with recent policy statements conceming the use of anti-psychotic medication and the need for multidisciplinary medication audit, and contrasted with evidence for the greater efficacy of non-pharmacological alternatives.

Mandible is the commonest facial bone fracture in children, more often caused by accidental fall from height. The high osteogenic potential of pediatric mandible allows non-surgical management to be successful in an increased proportion of younger patients.

Nevi are common skin tumors caused by abnormal overgrowth of cells from the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. Most nevi are benign, but some pre-cancerous nevi must be monitored or removed. The giant congenital nevus is greater than 10 cm in size, pigmented and often hairy. Between 4% and 6% of these lesions will develop into a malignant melanoma. Since approximately 50% of the melanoma develop by the age of two, and 80% by the age of seven, early removal is recommended. The objective of this paper is to present a unique case of giant nevi and their surgical management.

In a non-teaching hospital setting, CPC is a common benign disorder that rarely requires specialized investigations and is easily treated once the causes are identified. The multiplicity of causes and extrapulmonary triggers of CPC, particularly RS, are often overlooked. The principal causes in our series remain the same as in studies elsewhere, namely RS, asthma and GERD.

Hemodialysis (HD) is the most commonly used treatment in patients with end-stage renal failure or disease (ESRD) worldwide. Blood-borne viral diseases are the major causes of mortality and morbidity in patients on HD. This study aims to analyze the prevalence and to concentrate on the key risk factors that are responsible for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in patients on HD visiting two dialysis centers in the city of Quetta in southwestern Pakistan. The overall incidence of HBV was found to be 16.1%, the overall incidence of HCV was found to be 43.2%, and two patients (1.6%) were found to be positive for both HBV and HCV. HIV was not found among patients seen at both hospitals during the study period. The main risk factors for development of a viral infection were the length of time on HD (p = 0.007), number of sessions (p = 0.001), and level of education (p = 0.092). Biochemical and hematological parameters including urea, creatinine, uric acid, and calcium levels, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and platelet count were also studied in patients on HD. HD is becoming one of the major factors causing a viral infection because a patient can possibly become infected during an HD session via a blood transfusion, dialysis machines, instruments and/or other contaminated equipment. In order to control the spread of viral infections, increased public awareness, vaccinations, and health education programs for both health care providers and patients are needed, and proper screening programs should be instituted before dialysis is performed.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major burden upon health-care facilities in all countries. Electrolyte imbalances (EI) are very common in admitted patients with diabetes which leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. Every patient with diabetes needs thorough evaluation for the etiology and precipitating factors responsible for EI and therefore rational management. Data regarding the incidence of EI in DM in our country is limited. There is no existing record for profiling of EI in Bangladeshi diabetic subjects. The objective of this study was to find out the common types of EI in hospitalized diabetic patients and to determine the influencing factors responsible for them. Samples were selected from all adult nonpregnant diabetic patients admitted in the indoor, department of Medicine with electrolyte disturbances irrespective of their cause of admission. A total number of 150 admitted diabetic patients with electrolyte imbalance were interviewed, examined physically and laboratory specimen taken for biochemical analysis. Information was collected in a semi structured data collection form for analysis. Hyponatremia was found to be the most common EI in admitted diabetic patients. Electrolyte imbalance was found to be more common in the aged and female populations. Common factors influencing EI were vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, uncontrolled diabetes with severe hyperglycemia and certain drugs especially diuretics. Among the other well established complications of diabetes like acute metabolic complications, microangiopathy and macroangiopathy, EI should also be considered especially in the admitted patients.KYAMC Journal Vol. 5, No.-1, Jul 2014, Page 458-466

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Many details of the emergence of 2019 novel coronavirus infection such as its origin, spread, epidemiology, full spectrum of clinical illness, treatment and mortality rate has not been clearly defined. This review focuses the epidemiological evidences, clinical manifestations, investigations and treatment provided to the admitted cases of the 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in various hospitals of Wuhan city and other regions in China. Information have been gathered mainly from relevant researches and papers that were published recently. Clinical manifestations included fever, non-productive cough, dyspnoea, myalgia, fatigue, radiographic manifestations of pneumonia and detection of the novel virus by RT-PCR method. Some patients rapidly developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute respiratory failure, and other serious complications with fatal outcomes. There are neither vaccines nor effective treatments for the disease caused by the virus, but efforts are typically confined to symptomatic and supportive management. Antivirals and corticosteroids were used in severe illness but had no effective outcome.