Wnts are highly-conserved lipid-modified secreted proteins that activate multiple signaling pathways. These pathways regulate crucial processes during various stages of development and maintain tissue homeostasis in adults. One of the most fascinating aspects of Wnt protein is that despite being hydrophobic, they are known to travel several cell distances in the extracellular space. Research on Wnts in the past four decades has identified several factors and uncovered mechanisms regulating their expression, secretion, and mode of extracellular travel. More recently, analyses on the importance of Wnt protein gradients in the growth and patterning of developing tissues have recognized the complex interplay of signaling mechanisms that help in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This review aims to present an overview of the evidence for the various modes of Wnt protein secretion and signaling and discuss mechanisms providing precision and robustness to the developing tissues.
Background:
Indian subcontinent has highest rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) worldwide. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a condition which can lead to many complications including CVDs. Most of the studies in India have been done about prevalence of MS; this study intends to study their awareness and perceptions about CVD risk factors, which can help to plan and implement the educational health programs in a better and effective manner to prevent complications in these patients.
Materials and Methods:
It was a cross-sectional study conducted from April 2017 to March 2018 in a teaching hospital of Udaipur, Rajasthan. It involved 402 patients of MS diagnosed using National Cholesterol Education Program – Adult Treatment Panel III criteria with an anthropometric modification of waist circumference (WC) value that is specifically applicable to South Asians. A 43-item questionnaire was used to assess knowledge, attitude, and health-seeking behavior (KAP) toward CVD disease risk factors. KAP scores were characterized into poor, average, and good. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi square, and ANOVA.
Results:
Majority (58%) of the MS patients were males and belonged to middle socioeconomic status (63%). The study subjects were found to have average knowledge and good attitude but poor practices. Males, patients with lower WC, and lower fasting blood sugar showed significantly better knowledge scores. Good attitude scores were associated with education and WC. Younger subjects, patients having better sugar control, and lower WC had significantly better practices.
Conclusion:
Despite having good attitude, MS patients were not following good lifestyle practices to prevent CVD. Results in this study call for intensive educational interventions required to prevent complications in these patients.
Introduction: The research emphasises on the association bond of correlation of biochemical radiological and cytological outcomes of pleural effusion
Material and Methods: The samples for the study were collected from the diagnostic centre, out-patient department and in-patient department of Department of Biochemistry, Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine at Rabindranath Tagore Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan The research was carried out on a total of 100 patients .The observations took about a year’s time. The research was carried out on a total of 100 patients,
Results: 100 patients with pleural effusion were studied of which 60.00% were cases of tuberculous effusion and 40.00% were cases of non tuberculous effusion. This was reflective of the high prevalence of tuberculosis in the area being studied. The remaining 40 cases were of malignant effusion (15 cases), Transudative effusion (13 cases), synpneumonic effusion (8 cases) and 4 cases of empyema.. In patients of age more than 40 years, malignant effusion was more common; It was found more common in lower socioeconomic class such people live in crowded, unhygienic conditions. The commonest symptoms were cough (81.32%) and breathlessness (78.76%), followed by fever 69.20%, weight loss 64.64%, chest pain 45.50%, loss of appetite 63.30% and hemoptysis 15.80%.
Conclusion: Thus it can be concluded that ADA is elevated in tubercular pleural effusion. Exudatives had decreased glucose but increased protein, LDH and cholesterol compared to transudatives Pleural fluid cytology revealed elevated Lymphocytes in tubercular and polymorphs in acute infections
Keywords: Lactate dehydrogenase, Adenosine Deaminase biochemical, radiological and cytological outcomes of pleural effusion
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