The disillusionment of many developing countries with past policies which paid exclusive attention to the rate of growth has, in recent years, led to a some¬what belated interest in the problems of unemployment, income distribution and mass poverty. Pakistan/perhaps, has the unique, if dubious, distinction of being one of the first developing countries both to adopt and, later, to reject growthmanship as a national creed.1 Although serious doubts about the assumptions and implications of the official strategy of economic growth in Pakistan began to be expressed in 1968, the issues were clouded by the political demand for the autonomy, and later the separation of the eastern wing of the country. At the recent Pakistan Economic Conference, held in February 1973, some of the basic issues of Pakistan's development strategy were discussed hi detail in various papers [1], [7], [14], [25]. The focus of these papers was on income distribution and employment and their implications for the future growth strategy. The present author in his paper [14] at the Conference, presented some tentative estimates of mass poverty and unemployment in West Pakistan. The present paper is designed to give more systematic estimates of the extent of mass poverty in Pakistan.

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Deep-water clastic settings frame major stratigraphic plays the world over. The advanced seismic interpretation tools provide prediction of accurate physical characteristics of undiscovered reservoirs, including their lithology, thickness, and porosity.The designed amplitude spectrum (DAS)-based processing tool on Full spectrum seismic may yield a remarkable stratigraphy. This study deals with the prediction of thick and porous (possibly gas-rich) litho-facies using the DAS tool on high-resolution seismal profiles within the offshore Indus Basin (OIB), SW Pakistan. The seismic and trace envelope magnitudes bound the demarcation of stratigraphic traps. The DAS processing tool on relative acoustic impedance inversion (RAI) magnitude demarcates the aggradational porous sandstone-filled reservoirs, which are encased within a transgressive non-porous shale-filled channel-levee system. The thickness predicted by band-limited seismic acoustic impedance (AI) simulation for channels, point bars, and levees is 28, 27, and 24 m, respectively. The DAS-based RAI processing on AI reservoir simulation accurately resolves the lenses of channel sandstone, point bars and levees, and confirms the channelized basin floor fans (BFFs) with an average 11, 34, 24, and 52 m thickness and a lateral extent between 10 and 25 km. The western zones have implications for basin development, which have accumulated the porous and thickest reservoir facies inside the aggradational parasequences of BFFs of Miocene sedimentary sequences. Hence, the presented scheme of exploration serves as a comparable example for exploring the hydrocarbon-bearing plays inside OIB and global deep-water depositional systems.

Globally, deep-water reservoir systems are comprised of a variety of traps. Lateral and downdip trapping features include sand pinch-outs, truncation against salt or shale diapirs, and monoclinal dip or faulting with any combination of trapping designs; the potential for massive hydrocarbon accumulations exists, representing significant exploration prospects across the planet. However, deep-water turbidites and submarine fans are two different types of traps, which are developed along the upslope and the basin floor fans. Among these two traps, the basin floor fans are the most prolific traps as they are not influenced by sea-level rise, which distorts the seismic signals, and hence provides ambiguous seismic signatures to predict them as hydrocarbon-bearing zones for future explorations. Therefore, the deep-water channel-levee sand systems and basin floor fans sandstone define economically viable stratigraphic plays. The subsurface variability is significant, and hence, characterizing the thick (porous) channelized-basin floor fans reservoir is a challenge for the exploitation of hydrocarbons. This study aims to develop seismic-based attributes and wedge modeling tools to accurately resolve and characterize the porous and gas-bearing reservoirs using high-resolution seismic-based profiles, in SW Pakistan. The reflection strength slices better delineate the geomorphology of sand-filled channelized-basin floor fans as compared to the instant frequency magnitudes. This stratigraphic prospect has an area of 1180 km2. The sweetness magnitudes predict the thickness of channelized-basin floor fans as 33 m, faults, and porous lithofacies that complete a vital petroleum system. The wedge modeling also acts as a direct hydrocarbon indicator (DHI) and, hence, should be incorporated into conventional stratigraphic exploration schemes for de-risking stratigraphic prospects. The wedge model resolves a 26-m thick hydrocarbon-bearing channelized-basin floor fans lens with a lateral distribution of ~64 km. Therefore, this wedge model provides ~75% correlation of the thickness of the LSL as measured by sweetness magnitudes. The thickness of shale that serves as the top seal is 930 m, the lateral mud-filled canyons are 1190 m, and the thick bottom seal is ~10 m, which provides evidence for the presence of a vibrant petroleum play. Hence, their reveals bright opportunities to exploit the economically vibrant stratigraphic scheme inside the OIB and other similar global depositional systems.

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The present study consists, in the main, of formulating, implementing and interpreting the results of a model which attempts to explore with the help of available data the possibilities of import substitution in Pakistan from 1963/64 to 1972/73. The model is designed to assess the realistic limits to the process of import substitution in the context of growth—taking" Into consideration such realistic factors as the growth of per capita consumption, export possibilities mobilization of domestic savings and the availability of foreign economic assist¬ance. Although in a formal sense the model is deterministic, the variation of certain exogenous elements and parameters generates enough information on the behaviour of the model to indicate the extent of substitutability and trade-offs between strategic economic aggregates which is so crucial in evaluating the different policy objectives a planner may wish to pursue.