Environmental biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for the protection and restoration of the quality of our environment. Biotechnological processes to protect the environment have been used for almost a century now, even longer than the term "biotechnology" exists. Biotechnological techniques to treat waste before or after it has been brought into the environment are components of environmental biotechnological tools. Biotechnology can also be applied industrially for use in developing products and processes that generate less waste and use less nonrenewable resources and consume less energy. A biosensor is an analytical device that integrates a biological sensing element (e.g., an enzyme or an antibody) with a physical (e.g., optical, mass, or electrochemical) transducer, whereby the interaction between the target and the bio-recognition molecules is translated into a measurable electrical signal. Potent alternatives to conventional analytical techniques are Optical biosensors that exploit light absorption, fluorescence, luminescence, reflectance, Raman scattering and refractive index. Devoid of any time-consuming sample concentration and or prior sample pretreatment steps these biosensors provide rapid, highly sensitive, real-time, and highfrequency monitoring. Although optical biosensors have great potential applications in the areas of environmental monitoring, food safety, drug development, biomedical research, and diagnosis. Their use in fields of environmental pollution control and early warning is still in the early stages. Biosensors are classified according to their transduction principle such as optical, electrochemical and piezoelectric or based on their recognition element as immunosensors, apt sensors, genosensors, and enzymatic biosensors, when antibodies, aptamers, nucleic acids, and enzymes are, respectively, used.
Environmental contamination and the tolerance developed by the pests, pathogens are some of the environmental issues related to the aimless utilization of chemical pesticides. It has became matter of serious concern for environment, food quality and soil health. Nanotechnology, envisaged as a swiftly emerging field has capability to reform food systems in agriculture. Nanotechnology provides an imperishable solution to these problems by the establishment of nano-pesticides. The functional components or the conveyor molecules used are of nano size. The performance of these nano sized particles is much better the traditional pesticides, as the smaller size aids in proper spreading on the pest surface. Amelioration in solubility of operational components, betterment in stability of formulation, gradual liberation of operational components and enhancement in mobility are some of the paramount advantages of nano particles attributed to the minute size of particles and greater surface area. Thus, nano particles have strengthened activity against target pests in comparison to bulk materials. Furthermore, nano-formulations sustain productive use in agriculture by offering systemic properties, uniform leaf coverage and enhanced soil properties. Despite all the positive aspects, it might have certain negative effects as well, like exposure of humans through distinct routes Viz, exposure to nano pesticides either directly or indirectly like adsorption through skin, or inhalation while breathing air or transfer from one energy level to another by taking contaminated food and water.
Land lls are regarded most cost effective and accomplishable operation for managing waste in numerous parts of the world. Inspite of many merits, it gives rise to remarkable menace to different domains of the environment owing to the existence of noxious inanimate and animate components in the leachate and imperfectly evolved solid refuse handling techniques. Water is indispensable for bolstering existence, growth, and the environment and is one of the fundamental indicator of scal expansion and communal opulence of a country. Percolation of noxious substances from unscienti c dumpsites is among the main environmental consequences of these land lls in majority of the progressing countries like India. Leachate serves as a prominent point source of contamination in many environmental media like soil, ground water and surface water around the world. So the prime issues humans are experiencing are associated with water quality. Thus the investigation was accomplished to investigate the impact of leachate from Achan land ll on surface water quality in Temperate Himalayas. Monitoring was done during all the four seasons viz, spring, summer, autumn and winter. Leachate out ow site was found to have highest mean value of pH (8.4), EC (4.50), total Nitrogen (3.55),
Landfills are regarded most cost effective and accomplishable operation for managing waste in numerous parts of the world. Inspite of many merits, it gives rise to remarkable menace to different domains of the environment owing to the existence of noxious inanimate and animate components in the leachate and imperfectly evolved solid refuse handling techniques. Water is indispensable for bolstering existence, growth, and the environment and is one of the fundamental indicator of fiscal expansion and communal opulence of a country. Percolation of noxious substances from unscientific dumpsites is among the main environmental consequences of these landfills in majority of the progressing countries like India. Leachate serves as a prominent point source of contamination in many environmental media like soil, ground water and surface water around the world. So the prime issues humans are experiencing are associated with water quality. Thus the investigation was accomplished to investigate the impact of leachate from Achan landfill on surface water quality in Temperate Himalayas. Monitoring was done during all the four seasons viz, spring, summer, autumn and winter. Leachate outflow site was found to have highest mean value of pH (8.4), EC (4.50), total Nitrogen (3.55), P (5.78),K (1.90), Ca (114.40), Mg (60.35), Fe (2.25), Cu (0.84), Mn (1.03), BOD (29.32), COD (95.68), temperature (20.23), NTU (19.70) during summer season, while as lowest mean values of EC (0.12), total Nitrogen (0.79), P (2.19),K (0.25), Ca (43.06), Mg (21.83), Fe (0.67), Cu (0.25), Mn (0.30), BOD (6.08), COD (24.55), temperature (3.56), NTU (1.78) were recorded at control site during winter season. From the study we concluded that a decreasing trend was observed during all the seasons in the concentration of all physico chemical paramaters with increase in distance from landfill. So it is recommended that the leachate should be treated at source before disposing into the water body and landfill should be lined properly to prevent the entry of leachate into water sources.
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