Background: glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a valid indicator for kidney function. Different factors can affect GFR. The purpose of this study is to assess direct and indirect effects of GFR-related factors using structural equation modeling.Patients and methods:We analyzed data from baseline phase of Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease cohort study. Data on socio-behavioral, nutritional, cardiovascular, and metabolic risk factors were entered in a conceptual model in order to test direct and indirect effects of factors related to GFR,separately in male and female, using the structural equation modeling.Results: Of 8927 individuals participated in this study, 4212 subjects were male (47.20%) and 4715 subjects were female (52.80%). The obtained mean and standard deviation of GFR was 76.05 (±14.31) per 1.73 . GFR for 0.2%, 11.3%, 73.0% and 15.50% of people were <30, , and , respectively. Hypertension and aging in both gender and atherogenic factor in male directly, and in female directly and indirectly had a lower effect on GFR. Blood urea nitrogen and smoking in male and female, directly or indirectly through other variables, were associated with a lower GFR. In female, diabetes had a lower direct and indirect effect on GFR. Obesity in female was directly associated with uper and indirectly associated with lower GFR.Conclusion: According to our results, aging, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and high lipid profile, and BUN had a decreasing direct and indirect effects on GFR. Although low GFR might have different reasons and it is not a consistent sign of CKD, our findings, are in line with other reports, provide more detailed informations about important risk factors of low GFR. Public awareness about such factors can improve public practice of positive health behaviours.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which has been correlated with enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines. Given the important pathogenic roles of macrophages and inflammatory responses in the etiopathogenesis of Behcet's disease (BD), this study aimed to assess the mRNA expression pattern of genes involved in the UPR pathway in macrophages from smoker and non-smoker BD patients. This case-control study was conducted between 2015 and 2016 in Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Monocytes were enriched from obtained whole blood samples of 10 smoker and 10 non-smoker BD patients as well as 10 healthy individuals. Using macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), separated monocytes were differentiated into macrophages. After total RNA purification and cDNA synthesis, quantification analysis of UPR genes, including activating transcription factor (ATF) 4, ATF6, X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), homocysteine-inducible, endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible, ubiquitinlike domain member 1 (HERP), and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34), was performed using SYBR green master mix and real-time PCR. Among the measured genes, HERP mRNA was overexpressed in macrophages from BD patients in comparison with healthy macrophages. HERP and GADD34 genes were upregulated in smoker BD patients compared with non-smoker BD patients as well as healthy subjects. Cigarette smoke can induce UPR gene expression in BD patients. The altered UPR gene expression in BD macrophages may contribute to BD pathogenesis.
Background: glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a valid indicator for kidney function. Different factors can affect GFR. The purpose of this study is to assess direct and indirect effects of GFR-related factors using structural equation modeling.Patients and methods:We analyzed data from baseline phase of Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease cohort study. Data on socio-behavioral, nutritional, cardiovascular, and metabolic risk factors were entered in a conceptual model in order to test direct and indirect effects of factors related to GFR,separately in male and female, using the structural equation modeling.Results: Of 8927 individuals participated in this study, 4212 subjects were male (47.20%) and 4715 subjects were female (52.80%). The obtained mean and standard deviation of GFR was 76.05 (±14.31) per 1.73 . GFR for 0.2%, 11.3%, 73.0% and 15.50% of people were <30, , and , respectively. Hypertension and aging in both gender and atherogenic factor in male directly, and in female directly and indirectly had a lower effect on GFR. Blood urea nitrogen and smoking in male and female, directly or indirectly through other variables, were associated with a lower GFR. In female, diabetes had a lower direct and indirect effect on GFR. Obesity in female was directly associated with uper and indirectly associated with lower GFR.Conclusion: According to our results, aging, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and high lipid profile, and BUN had a decreasing direct and indirect effects on GFR. Although low GFR might have different reasons and it is not a consistent sign of CKD, our findings, are in line with other reports, provide more detailed informations about important risk factors of low GFR. Public awareness about such factors can improve public practice of positive health behaviours.
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