A plant source of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) that can raise tissue eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is needed. A soybean oil (SBO) containing approximately 20% stearidonic acid [SDA; the delta-6 desaturase product of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)] derived from genetically modified soybeans is under development. This study compared the effects of EPA to SDA-SBO on erythrocyte EPA+DHA levels (the omega-3 index). Overweight healthy volunteers (n=45) were randomized to SDA-SBO (24 ml/day providing approximately 3.7 g SDA) or to regular SBO (control group) without or with EPA ethyl esters (approximately 1 g/day) for 16 weeks. Serum lipids, blood pressure, heart rate, platelet function and safety laboratory tests were measured along with the omega-3 index. A per-protocol analysis was conducted on 33 subjects (11 per group). Compared to baseline, average omega-3 index levels increased 19.5% in the SDA group and 25.4% in the EPA group (p<0.05 for both, vs. control). DHA did not change in any group. Relative to EPA, SDA increased RBC EPA with about 17% efficiency. No other clinical endpoints were affected by SDA or EPA treatment (vs. control). In conclusion, SDA-enriched SBO significantly raised the omega-3 index. Since EPA supplementation has been shown to raise the omega-3 index and to lower risk for cardiac events, SDA-SBO may be a viable plant-based alternative for providing meaningful intakes of cardioprotective omega-3 FAs.
SDA-enriched soybean oil increased the omega-3 index by raising erythrocyte EPA concentrations. SDA-enriched soybean oil is a land-based n-3 fatty acid that is a sustainable approach to increasing tissue concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids.
Acidic montmorillonite clay was chemically modified via exchange with various ammonium- and
pyridinium-based organic cations. These organo clays were then shown to adsorb zearalenone (ZEN)
with an efficacy related to the exchanged cation hydrophobicity, as gauged by estimated critical
micelle concentration values (cmc) and length of the alkyl chain. ZEN adsorption was greatest for
clay samples that had been modified by interlayer exchange with cations possessing 16-carbon alkyl
chains: hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) and cetylpyridinium (CP). Isothermal analysis
of ZEN adsorption (at 37 °C, pH 6.5) indicated that the clay exchanged with CP at a level of less
than or equivalent to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) binds ZEN primarily by a partition process.
In contrast, clay exchanged at the 1.5 CEC level gave an S-shaped curve with at least two plateaus,
suggesting additional mechanisms of adsorption. A capacity (Q
max) and distribution coefficient (K
d)
for the first site were estimated. At acid pH, the adsorption capacity for 1.5 CEC CP clay decreased
and the isotherm shape predicted a simple partition process. Conversely, the shape remained curved
at alkaline pH, suggesting an adsorption site. These data imply an adsorption mechanism at neutral
pH that involves hydrophobic attraction of ZEN into the interlayer in addition to multisite binding
of the anionic form to hydroxyl groups on the edge of the clay via ion−dipole interactions and
electrostatic attraction to excess exchanged surfactant cations.
Keywords: Adsorption; cetylpyridinium; isotherm; mycotoxin; organo clay; zearalenone
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