Penicillins are one of the most widely used classes of essential antimicrobial drugs 1 and are a first-line treatment against a broad array of bacteria, including commonly encountered Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Penicillins (also termed penams), such as amoxicillin (AX) and flucloxacillin (Flux), are a subgroup of beta-lactam (β-lactam) antibiotics, which are defined by the core penam structure consisting of a five-membered ring fused to the four-membered β-lactam ring (Figure 1A). 2 This structure, which resembles the D-Ala-D-Ala motif of cell wall precursors (Figure 1B), facilitates competitive binding within the active site of bacterial peptidases (penicillin-binding proteins) involved in peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis. 2 The irreversible binding is mediated by a conserved active site serine, which performs a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl of the β-lactam ring. 3 The discovery of benzylpenicillin (BP) revolutionized the treatment of bacterial diseases and provided a foundation for the synthesis

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T cells expressing either alpha-beta or gamma-delta T cell receptors (TCR) are critical sentinels of the adaptive immune system, with receptor diversity being essential for protective immunity against a broad array of pathogens and agents. Programs available to profile TCR clonotypic signatures can be limiting for users with no coding expertise. Current analytical pipelines can be inefficient due to manual processing steps, open to data transcription errors and have multiple analytical tools with unique inputs that require coding expertise. Here we present a bespoke webtool designed for users irrespective of coding expertise, coined 'TCR_Explore', incorporating automated quality control steps that generates a single output file for creation of flexible and publication ready figures. TCR_Explore will elevate a user's capacity to undertake in-depth TCR repertoire analysis of both new and pre-existing datasets for identification of T cell clonotypes associated with health and disease. The web application is located at https://tcr-explore.erc.monash.edu for users to interactively explore TCR repertoire datasets.