The relationship between moral conduct and moral judgment was investigated by comparing moral reasoning of a psychopathic sample from a maximum security hospital for the criminal offender with a similar inmate, nonpsychopathic sample, and a group of “normals”. Psychopaths obtained significantly higher scores on the Kohlberg scale of moral judgment than either of the other groups, for whom no differences were found. Results suggest the hypothesis that lack of guilt feelings in psychopaths facilitate the achievement of higher levels of moral judgment.

S~zmmasy.-30 male Ss rated photographic slides on the degree of intimacy of 2 males shown seated at a cafeteria table. Another 10 Ss rated the slides on both intimacy and eye contact. 54 different seating arrangements were used. Side and corner arrangements were varied by body and head position through 5 angles (On, 30°, 45O, 60°, 90") and 3 distances (3, 4.5, 6 ft.). Results supported the main hypotheses that intimacy varies inversely with distance, that intimacy ratings are directly related to ratings of eye contact. Corner seating was judged more intimate than side seating. Findings were interpreted in the light of prior research. Implications of the data were discussed in relation to applied situations.

Two field studies were reported. In Study 1, pairs of lower-class black school children and white school children were photographed conversing in a school yard, and interaction distances between dyad members were computed using a new photogrammetric technique. Ten judges also rated photographs for interaction distance. Results by both methods indicated no differences between subcultures. Study 2 explored the effects of subculture and socioeconomic class on interaction distance. Middle-class children were found to stand further apart while conversing than were lower-class children. There was no difference between blacks and whites. Findings serve to contradict Hall's contention that cross-subcultural groups display differential proxemic behavior. Hall (1963) maintained that people of different cultures not only speak different languages but inhabit different sensory worlds. As evidence for his assertion, Hall noted that Arabs during ordinary daily conversation generally tend to stand very close to each other and appear to be involved on a highly sensory level, whereas in North American culture, this proxemic behavior would create uncomfortable feelings. Similarly, Hall observed that Latin Americans and North American lower income blacks displayed greater sensory involvement than did North American whites (Hall, 1966), suggesting that interaction distances for the former two groups should be less than that for the white subculture. It was Hall's belief that subcultural variations in spatial orientation frequently tend to isolate minority groups from the larger culture, often 1 Special thanks are owed to Oded Frenkel for his help during the developmental phase of the photogrammetric method and for assistance in data collection. The author is also indebted to Anthony Doob and Abraham Ross, for many useful suggestions, and to

Attention has recently been given to the influence of proximity and eye contact on evaluations of psychological closeness in dyadic interactions. Scherer and Schifi (1973) found observers viewing different arrangements of posed males seated at a cafeteria table judged them to be more intimate when proximity and eye contact were high. The present study explored the impact of these nonverbal cues on impressions formed of dyad members of one another, under an inflexible seating arrangement. It was hypothesized that increased proximity and eye contact would elicit greater positive evaluations despite the apparent inability of participants to modify their seating arrangements.

The present study investigated the relationship between drug use and need for social approval, as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS). Sixty-six undergraduates were administered the M-C SDS plus a drug data sheet which served to categorize 5s into nonusers, soft drug users, and hard drug users. Results indicated significant differences among the three groups (p < .01). Hard drug users showed the highest approval motivation while the soft users scored lowest. The data are discussed in terms of social pressures acting on individuals with high need for approval. A practical application of the research to drug therapy is also discussed.