Rapid industrialization has resulted in a drastic increase
in the
consumption of natural resources, particularly fossil fuels. Fossil
fuels in the form of coal, natural gas, oils, etc. have been extensively
used to meet ever-increasing energy demands, resulting in adverse
environmental effects. Massive fossil fuel consumption has led to
enormous carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, adversely impacting
the environment through global warming. Photoelectrochemical (PEC)
reduction of CO2 into valuable fuels, for instance, formic
acid (HCOOH), methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), etc., which combines the merits of both photochemical
and electrochemical techniques, has been considered as a potential
approach to address the issue of CO2 mitigation. Single-atom
catalysts (SACs) along with emerging nanomaterials (NMTs) as photoelectrode
composite materials present an effective avenue to augment PEC CO2 reduction owing to their well-defined structures and almost
complete atom utilization. The present review focuses on the application
of various SACs and NMTs as emerging photoelectrode materials that
are advantageous for efficient PEC CO2 reduction to valuable
fuels, such as HCOOH, CH3OH, C2H5OH, and carbon monoxide. The mechanism pertaining to the effective
utilization of incident light energy to overcome the band gap and
produce photogenerated charge carriers that contribute to the PEC
reduction of CO2 has also been elucidated. At the outset,
some challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in boosting SAC’s
PEC performance have been discussed.
Purpose:
To assess the change in binocular summation (BiS) in comitant exotropia (XT) after strabismus surgery.
Methods:
This is a prospective study on 20 patients who underwent surgery for comitant XT over a one year period. Patients with sensory exotropia and nystagmus were excluded. Best-corrected visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) of both eyes separately and together (binocularly) were recorded. BiS score was calculated as binocular score minus better eye score. BiS score at the end of 3 months was compared with the preoperative data.
Results:
The mean ± SD of BiS score increased from 2.95 ± 0.88 to 4.55 ± 0.68 (
P
-value < 0.0001) for VA (on ETDRS letters) and from 2.75 ± 0.44 to 4.5 ± 0.76 (
P
-value < 0.001 for CS (on Pelli–Robson chart) after surgery.
Conclusion:
There is significant improvement in BiS in XT after strabismus surgery. Authors recommend its inclusion in evaluation of functional outcome of XT surgery.
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