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ABSTRACT:Background: Evaluation of blood groups, bleeding and clotting time are the most important and initial hematological parameters done routinely and especially before any surgical procedure. Researches indicate that various gastrointestinal diseases like ulcers, cancers, UTIs, cardiovascular disorder , diabetes mellitus as well as thrombosis, epistaxis etc. are associated with ABO blood group system. Hemostatic parameters like BT and CT also vary in different blood groups. KEY WORDS ; blood grouping, clotting time, bleeding time. Materials and methods: The available data of 400 students of 1st year of mbbs, bds and para medical courses was analyzed in every required aspects i.e. sex, age, ABO and Rh blood groups, bleeding and clotting times. The standard antisera (A, B, & D) was used to determine the blood group, Duke's Method and Capillary tube method were used to find out bleeding and clotting time respectively. Finally, all the parameters were compared and analyzed statistically. Results: Blood group B (44.5%) was the most common blood group in both genders followed by O (30.5%), A (21%), and AB (4%). Bleeding time was found to be prolonged >4 min in maximum number of group O (53%) followed by group A (26.4%), group B (14.2%), and then group AB(6.1%) but the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.00005). Similarly clotting time was >6 min in group O(54.5%) followed by group B=A(18.1%), group least in AB (9%), but the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.19). Gender-wise bleeding time was more prolonged in females (67.3%) than males (32.6%) but the difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.07), similarly clotting time too was prolonged more in females (81%)than males (18.2%) but again the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Conclusion : In our study, blood group B predominated followed by O, A, and AB. Bleeding time was prolonged >4 min in blood group O followed by A,B, and AB whereas clotting time was prolonged >6 min in blood group O followed by A=B and then AB. Gender-wise bleeding and clotting time were higher in females than males. Various blood related disorders, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases are associated with blood groups, so people can take preventive measures according to their blood groups.

Background: To increase diagnostic accuracy and to decrease complication rates secondary to acute appendicitis, a variety of different approaches have been described, including predictive scoring systems. To prevent the catastrophic effects of perforated appendix, a surgeon needs diagnostic tools which may signal perforation of appendix at earliest, as a result of which the delay in the management of perforated appendix will not be witnessed. Keeping in view the above facts, the diagnostic value of serum bilirubin in acute appendicitis and its complications has been evaluated.Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 100 patients who presented with clinical diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis. Role of serum bilirubin as a diagnostic tool in acute appendicitis and diagnostic value of hyperbilirubinemia as a predictive factor for appendiceal perforation was evaluated. . Estimation of serum bilirubin was done by Jendrassik and Gorf method using Hitachi – 912 automatic biochemistry analyzer. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of the investigations in the diagnosis of the acute appendicitis were calculated.Results: Serum bilirubin levels had a sensitivity of 84.1% and specificity of 83.3% in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The mean bilirubin level of patients with gangrenous appendicitis (2.1±1.2mg/dl) was significantly higher than the mean bilirubin level of patients with simple acute appendicitis (1.5 ±0.6)   (p1=0.030 sig). A statistically significant difference was also observed in the mean bilirubin level of patients with perforated appendicitis (mean=2.9±1.6mg/dl) and mean bilirubin level of patients with simple acute appendicitis (p2=<0.0001 sig). However statistically non-significant difference was observed between the mean bilirubin level of patients with gangrenous and perforated appendicitis (p3=0.056 non- sig).Conclusions:Pre-operative assessment of serum bilirubin not only helps in acute appendicitis but also serves as a predictive factor for appendiceal perforation.

Background: The premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is particularly common in the younger

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