We assess old age financial security in a sample of sex workers in India. Our analysis, based on primary data for 240 former sex workers and 340 current sex workers in the states of Karnataka and Maharashtra, highlights three features of their economic situation. First, former sex workers economically outperform female-headed households in the general population. Second, old age security for sex workers is hampered by limited access to mechanisms to invest their savings productively during working ages, their incurring of high levels of out of pocket expenses for ill health and borrowing costs. Third, traditional sources of support in old age such as children are limited, in contrast to what we know about family-based support for the elderly in India. The article concludes by examining recent policy developments in India and their relevance for economic security among older sex workers.
Maxillary air sinus opens in hiatus semilunaris of middle meatus of the nasal cavity. Drainage of sinus should happen through a natural orifice. That is mandatory because there are cases where there is an additional opening of sinus posterior to the hiatus semilunaris. In this case, there may be recirculation of mucus between natural and accessory opening leading to complications and recurrence of the patient’s problem during various endoscopic procedures. So noting this high significance of accessory opening, the present study was conducted. Total of 50 specimens (27 were from the right side, and 23 were from the left side) was studied. Presence of accessory opening of maxillary air sinus was noted. Position of the opening was noted. The shape of the opening was noted. The diameter of the accessory opening was measured using Sliding Vernier Caliper. Observations on the above parameters show the accessory opening of maxillary air sinus was present in 21 specimens out of a total of 50 specimens (42%). Typical Shape of the opening on the left side was Circular and on the right side was Oval. The average diameter of the opening on the right side was 24mm and on the left side was 46mm. So definitely significance of the accessory opening of maxillary air sinus was found. That’s why surgeons, especially, Otorhinolaryngologists, should note and explore the exact position of the accessory opening of maxillary air sinus, during various sinus surgeries.
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