PURPOSE. To map the corneal epithelium using a map measuring 9 mm in diameter and view the effects of age, sex, and axial length. Additionally, we wanted to demonstrate the reproducibility of this technique. METHODS.We calculated the epithelial thickness in 220 individuals using an SD-OCT machine with the newly released commercially available algorithm. We included normal eyes with refractive errors between þ5 and À6 diopters (D). We excluded patients with an intraocular pressure of >22 mm Hg, history of cataract, previous ocular surgery, or disease and those with corneal pathology. Additionally, we excluded patients with evidence of systemic disease or pregnancy. Lastly, reproducibility was measured in 50 individuals. RESULTS.We found the center of the corneal epithelium to be thicker than the peripheral in all zones except the nasal (P ¼ 0.124). The superior quadrant was found to be the thinnest while the inferior was the thickest. Males had a thicker epithelium in all locations except the superior outer section (P ¼ 0.123). Three zones had a weak correlation with age: outer superior (P ¼ 0.039, R ¼ À0.152); outer temporal (P ¼ 0.042, R ¼ À0.150); and outer superior temporal (P ¼ 0.011, R ¼ À0.187). There was no significant relationship with the axial length. We found good to excellent reproducibility when using this technique in the central as well as the peripheral cornea.CONCLUSIONS. We provide a comprehensive study in healthy, normal eyes using a novel algorithm to map the corneal epithelium with a wide diameter. This study can be used as a reference for future research.
PurposeTo compare refractive outcomes, visual acuities, and satisfaction of patients between those treated with laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using a Hansatome microkeratome (HM) and femto-assisted laser (FAL).MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of 1,366 eyes in 687 patients who underwent LASIK with an HM (n=1,137) and an FAL (n=229) at the two centers of Hashmanis Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Refractive outcomes, including sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent in diopters (D), and visual acuities were assessed both preoperatively and at 1 month follow-up. Patient satisfaction was gauged by contacting the patient at the time of chart review.ResultsThe postoperative median sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent values for those treated with FAL were 0.3±0.7 (−5.5–1.8), −0.5±0.6 (−5.0–1.0), and 0.0±0.7 (−6.0–1.6), respectively. For the HM arm, they were 0.0±1.28 (−10.8–6.8), −0.5±0.5 (−4.5–1.5), and −0.3±1.3 (−11.6–6.8), respectively. All preoperative values were statistically insignificant between the groups, while postoperative values were significant with P-values <0.001. Predictability and efficacy index was higher for the FAL (92.1%, 1.00) than the HM group (82.2%, 0.84). Similarly, patient satisfaction was slightly higher for those treated with FAL (93.3%) than HM (91.4%).ConclusionOur large retrospective analysis of eyes that have undergone LASIK using HM and FAL shows superior refractive outcomes in the latter, with special regard to procedural efficacy and predictability.
BackgroundCentral corneal thickness (CCT) can be used to assess the corneal physiological condition as well as the pathological changes associated with ocular diseases. It has an influence on the measurement of intraocular pressure and is being used as a screening tool for refractive surgery candidates. The aim of this study was to determine the median CCT among normal Pakistani population and to correlate CCT with age, sex, and refractive errors.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 5,171 healthy eyes in 2,598 patients who came to Hashmanis Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. The age of the patients ranged from 6 to 70 years. The refractive error was gauged by an auto-refractometer, and CCT was measured using Oculus Pentacam®.ResultsThe median CCT of our study was 541.0 μm with an interquartile range (IQR) of 44.0 μm. The median age was 26.0 years (IQR: 8.0). Median spherical equivalent (SE) of the patients was −4.3 D (IQR: 3.3) with the median sphere value as −4.0 D (IQR: 3.8). Lastly, the median cylinder was −1.0 D (IQR: 1.3). Age has a weak negative correlation with CCT (r=−0.058) and shows statistical significance (P<0.001). Additionally, males had thinner CCT readings than females (P=0.001). The cylinder values, on the other hand, had a significant (P=0.004) and positive correlation (r=0.154). Three values showed no significant correlation: sphere (P=0.100), SE (P=0.782), and the left or right eye (P=0.151).ConclusionAmong the Pakistani population, CCT was significantly affected by three variables: sex, age, and cylinder. No relationship of CCT was observed with the left or right eye, sphere, and SE.
Purpose: To compare the performance of OSDI and SPEED questionnaires in a non-clinical sample in Pakistan. Methods: SPEED and OSDI questionnaires were simultaneously administered to a sample of 600 participants in Pakistan with an average age of 31.0 ± 10.1 years. Results: Mean SPEED scores were calculated according to the OSDI categories and were found to be 3. 33 ± 3.44, 5.45 ± 3.77, 7.86 ± 4.33, and 9.39 ± 4.56 for the normal, mild, moderate, and severe groups, respectively. Using Cronbach's alpha, the total OSDI and SPEED scores were calculated to be 0.924 and 0.879, respectively. A receiver operating curve was plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was estimated to be 0.791. Using this curve, the cutoff score for the SPEED questionnaire was found to be 4.00 (P < 0.001). Conclusion:The SPEED questionnaire can be used as an effective alternative to the OSDI.
PurposeTo quantify and view the possible influence of demographic variables on normal macular layers. Additionally, we wanted to assess the reproducibility using the Spectralis SD-OCT.MethodsA Spectralis SD-OCT machine using a commercially available algorithm was used to scan 242 healthy subjects in an outpatient setting. We examined retinal thicknesses in seven layers: retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Combined retinal thicknesses were expressed as inner retinal layer (IRL), photoreceptor layer (PL) and total retinal thickness (TRT). Measurements were taken from each of the nine sectors defined by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; the center was the fovea, the inner circle (IC) was 1–3 mm away, and the outer circle (OC) was 3–6 mm away.ResultsThe TRT was thickest inferiorly in the IC, and superiorly in the OC. The RNFL (P=0.030), GCL (P=0.006), IPL (P=0.006), IRL (P=0.030), PL (P<0.001) and TRT (P=0.001) were found to be thicker in males. The GCL (r=0.078, P=0.001), IPL (r=0.079, P=0.001), IRL (r=0.072, P=0.002), PL (r=0.076, P=0.001) and TRT (r=0.090, P<0.001) were found to decrease with age. The INL (r=0.060, P=0.010), ONL (r=0.078, P=0.001), and RPE (r=0.066, P=0.004) were inversely related to axial length. Excellent reproducibility was observed in all layers.ConclusionOur study shows differences in various retinal layers according to age, gender, and axial length. Additionally, we demonstrate excellent reproducibility of this algorithm using the Spectralis SD-OCT.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.