This study describes the incidence, associated clinical characteristics and outcomes of acute kidney injury in a pediatric cohort with COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). We performed a retrospective study of patients 18 years of age and under admitted to four New York hospitals in the Northwell Health System interned during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, between March 9 and August 13, 2020. Acute kidney injury was defined and staged according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria. The cohort included 152 patients; 97 acute-COVID-19 and 55 with MIS-C associated with COVID-19. Acute kidney injury occurred in 8 with acute-COVID-19 and in 10 with MIS-C. Acute kidney injury, in unadjusted models, was associated with a lower serum albumin level (odds ratio 0.17; 95% confidence interval 0.07, 0.39) and higher white blood cell counts (odds ratio 1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.04, 1.2). Patients with MIS-C and acute kidney injury had significantly greater rates of systolic dysfunction, compared to those without (80% vs 49%). In unadjusted models, patients with acute kidney injury had 8.4 days longer hospitalizations compared to patients without acute kidney injury (95% confidence interval, 4.4-6.7). Acute kidney injury in acute-COVID-19 and MIS-C may be related to inflammation and/or dehydration. Further research in larger pediatric cohorts is needed to better characterize risk factors for acute kidney injury in acute-COVID-19 and with MIS-C consequent to COVID-19.

Primary hypertension continues to be one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease worldwide. A stable intrauterine environment is critical for the future development and health of the fetus. The developing kidney has been found to be especially vulnerable during this time period, and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that an adverse in utero environment is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Macro- and micronutrient deficiencies as well as exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and certain medications during gestation have been shown to negatively impact nephrogenesis and reduce one’s nephron number. In 1988, Brenner et al. put forth the controversial hypothesis that a reduced nephron complement is a risk factor for hypertension and chronic kidney disease in adulthood. Since then numerous animal and human studies have confirmed this relationship demonstrating that there is an inverse association between blood pressure and nephron number. As our understanding of the developmental programming of hypertension and other non-communicable diseases improves, more effective preventive health measures can be developed in the future.

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, progressive, scarring and potentially malignant disease of the oral mucosa seen primarily in the Indian subcontinent and in South East Asia. OSF is a premalignant condition with a malignant transformation rate varying from 7-12%. Even though OSF and oral cancer are common in Sri Lanka, malignant transformation potential and rate have not been studied in our population. Objectives: To identify the relationship of malignant transformation with age, gender, habits, amount of mouth opening, duration of follow up, presence of other oral potentially malignant disorders and dysplasia in a group of patients with OSF attending the Oral Medicine clinic, University Dental Hospital Peradeniya. Methods: All the clinical files of patients with OSF attending the Oral Medicine clinic, University Dental Hospital Peradeniya were selected. Cases with OSF where histopathological diagnosis was not available, patients who had developed oral cancer before the diagnosis of OSF and patients who were diagnosed with OSF and received prior surgical therapy were excluded. Data were analysed to identify any relationship of malignant transformation with other variables. Results: There were 135 patients with a follow up period ranging from 6 months to 23 years and average follow up period was 5.26 years. 75.6% of them were males. 42.2% of them presented with burning sensation as the main complaint. 96.3% of them chewed betel with all ingredients whereas the rest chewed only arecanut. Eight patients developed malignancy during the follow up period giving a malignant transformation rate of 5.9% after a mean follow up period of 6.5 years. Conclusions: Malignant transformation in patients with OSF is significantly associated with presence of dysplasia on the initial biopsy, presence of any other potentially malignant disorder and the duration of betel chewing. _____________________________________________________________________________

Background Understanding the relationship between clinical and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) will help support clinical care and future clinical trial design of novel therapies for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Methods FSGS patients ≥8 years of age enrolled in the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network completed Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System PRO measures of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (children: global health, mobility, fatigue, pain interference, depression, anxiety, stress and peer relationships; adults: physical functioning, fatigue, pain interference, sleep impairment, mental health, depression, anxiety and social satisfaction) at baseline and during longitudinal follow-up for a maximum of 5 years. Linear mixed-effects models were used to determine which demographic, clinical and laboratory features were associated with PROs for each of the eight children and eight adults studied. Results There were 45 children and 114 adult FSGS patients enrolled that had at least one PRO assessment and 519 patient visits. Multivariable analyses among children found that edema was associated with global health (−7.6 points, P = 0.02) and mobility (−4.2, P = 0.02), the number of reported symptoms was associated with worse depression (−2.7 per symptom, P = 0.009) and anxiety (−2.3, P = 0.02) and the number of emergency room (ER) visits in the prior 6 months was associated with worse mobility (−2.8 per visit, P < 0.001) and fatigue (−2.4, P = 0.03). Multivariable analyses among adults found the number of reported symptoms was associated with worse function in all eight PROMIS measures and the number of ER visits was associated with worse fatigue, pain interference, sleep impairment, depression, anxiety and social satisfaction. Laboratory markers of disease severity (i.e. proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate and serum albumin) did not predict PRO in multivariable analyses, with the single exception of complete remission and better pain interference scores among children (+9.3, P = 0.03). Conclusions PROs provide important information about HRQoL for persons with FSGS that is not captured solely by the examination of laboratory-based markers of disease. However, it is critical that instruments capture the patient experience and FSGS clinical trials may benefit from a disease-specific instrument more sensitive to within-patient changes.

Non-dipping and nocturnal hypertension are commonly found during ABPM in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. These entities are independently associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in adults. Kidney transplant recipients aged 5-21 years with eGFR > 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and ABPM demonstrating nondipping status and normal daytime BP were randomized to intervention (short acting BP medication added in the evening) or control (no medication change) in this pilot, randomized, open-label, blinded end-point clinical trial. ABPM, echocardiography, and PWV were performed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The trial included 17 intervention and 16 control participants. Conversion to dipper status occurred in 53.3% vs 7.7% (P = .01) at 6 months for intervention and controls, respectively. Systolic dip was greater in the intervention group compared to controls (10.9 ± 4.5 vs 4.2 ± 4.6, P = .001), and average systolic nighttime BP was significantly lower in the intervention group (106 ± 8.3 vs 114.9 ± 9.5 mm Hg, P = .01) at 6 months. There were no significant differences in LVMI, PWV, or eGFR between groups. Within-group changes in the intervention group demonstrated improvements in non-dippers, dipping, systolic nighttime BP and nighttime BP load. Restoration of nocturnal dip and improvement in nocturnal BP were observed in the population following chronotherapy. Future studies are needed with larger sample sizes over a longer period of time to delineate the long-term effect of improved nocturnal dip on target organ damage. K E Y W O R D S ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, chronotherapy, nocturnal hypertension, non-dipping, pediatric renal transplant, randomized clinical trial How to cite this article: Sethna CB, Grossman LG, Dhanantwari P, et al. Restoration of nocturnal blood pressure dip and reduction of nocturnal blood pressure with evening anti-hypertensive medication administration in pediatric kidney transplant recipients: A pilot randomized clinical trial.

Limited information is available regarding the relationship between ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and cardiac geometry in hypertensive children. ABPM and 2D-echocardiography were retrospectively reviewed in children and adolescents <21 years old with primary hypertension. A total of 119 participants (median age 15.0 [IQR 12, 16] years) with hypertension were included. Left ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed in 39.5% of participants. Normal geometry was found in 47.1%, concentric remodeling (CR) in 13.4%, concentric hypertrophy (CH) in 15.1%, and eccentric hypertrophy (EH) in 24.4% of children. After adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index z-score, awake systolic blood pressure (BP) index (BPi) (OR 1.07, 95% CI:1.001-1.14, P = 0.045), awake diastolic BPi (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.09, P = 0.048), awake systolic BP load (OR 1.02, 95% CI: 1.000-1.04, P = 0.047), and sleep systolic BP load (OR 1.02, 95% CI: 1.001-1.04, P = 0.03) were directly associated with CH. No ABPM parameters were significant predictors of EH. In conclusion, ABPM parameters were found to be independent predictors of cardiac geometry, specifically CH.

Low nephron number has been shown to be a risk factor for hypertension (HTN) in adulthood. Kidney volume may serve as a surrogate marker for nephron mass. The relationship between kidney volume and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) in the pediatric population is not known. A retrospective chart review of children younger than 21 years who were evaluated for HTN was performed. Twenty-four-hour BP and ultrasonography data were obtained. Multiple regression was used to examine associations between BP and kidney volume. Of 84 children (mean age 13.87 years, 72.6% males), 54 had HTN. Systolic BP index during the awake, sleep, and 24-hour periods (all P≤.05) was found to be positively correlated with total kidney volume. Greater total kidney volume was found to be a positive predictor of 24-hour and sleep systolic index (P≤.05). It failed to serve as a predictor of HTN, pre-HTN, or white-coat HTN. Contrary to expectation, total kidney volume was positively associated with systolic BP indices. | INTRODUCTIONBy the 36th week of gestation, nephron development is usually complete in humans, with approximately 60% of development occurring during the third trimester.1 Upon completion of nephrogenesis, no new nephrons are formed. 1,2 Birth weight has been shown to be a strong determinant of nephron mass in the kidneys. 2,3 Previous literature has described a direct relationship between nephron number and birth weight. Manalich and colleagues 4 found that infants with low birth weight had a 20% reduction in nephron number compared with normal controls. 4 They also noted an inverse relationship between glomeruli number and glomerular volume, suggesting that low birth weight results in fewer, larger glomeruli. 4Reduced nephron endowment has been ascribed to be a risk factor for primary hypertension (HTN) and cardiovascular disease in adulthood as well as progressive renal disease. | MATERIAL AND METHODSChildren younger than 21 years followed by the pediatric nephrology division in a single tertiary center were examined in a retrospective chart review. Patients who were evaluated for HTN between the years of 2010 and 2014 were selected for review. Data were retrieved from 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and kidney ultrasounds that were previously performed as part of the patient's clinical care.A renal ultrasound was performed in all patients who were studied

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