Background:Anxiety is the most common psychological response of women to labor. Aromatherapy, i.e. the use of fragrant essential oils to stimulate the olfactory system, can create a state of calmness and help to alleviate anxiety.Objectives:The present study tried to determine the efficacy of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium oil in reducing anxiety during the first stage of labor.Patients and Methods:This randomized clinical trial was conducted on two groups of pregnant women, referred to Vali-Asr Hospital (Tuyserkan, Iran) between June and September 2013. The sample size was comprised of 63 subjects in each group. Gauzes impregnated with 4 mL of C. aurantium distillate and normal saline were attached to the collar of subjects in the aromatherapy and control groups, respectively. The gauzes were changed every 30 minutes. The levels of anxiety in both groups were measured at baseline and after the intervention at dilations of 3-4 and 6-8 cm. The participants were followed up until delivery and the first- and fifth-minute Apgar scores were recorded. Data were collected using a demographic and obstetric characteristics questionnaire, an examination and observation checklist, and Spielberger state-trait anxiety questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with independent-t, Mann-Whitney, and chi-square tests in SPSS-22. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.Results:Before the intervention, both groups had same levels of anxiety. However, the levels of anxiety at dilations of 3-4 and 6-8 cm were significantly lower in the aromatherapy group compared with the control group.Conclusions:The results of this study confirmed aromatherapy with C. aurantium blossom oil as a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive, and effective intervention to reduce anxiety during labor.
The delayed healing of episiotomy wound and its associated pain is a major problem in obstetrics. Because green tea has analgesic and wound-healing properties, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of green tea ointment on episiotomy pain and wound-healing. The green tea extract was also standardized by measuring its Phenolic and flavonoid compounds, antioxidant activity, and one of its active components, that is, Epigallocatechin gallate. The present clinical trial was conducted on 99 primiparous women visiting Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman in 2015. The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups, including a green tea ointment group, a placebo ointment group, and a routine care group. The 2 ointment groups smeared 2 cm of the green tea or placebo ointments onto their sutured area twice daily for a total of 10 days. The severity of pain was assessed in the subjects using the visual pain scale and wound-healing using the Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation (REEDA) scale before the intervention and on the 5th and 10th days after delivery. To standardize the extract, Epigallocatechin gallate was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phenolic and flavonoid compounds, as well as antioxidant activity of the extract were also determined by spectrometry methods. Before the intervention, no significant differences were observed between the 3 groups in terms of their personal and obstetric details (p > .05), the severity of pain (p = .118), and the REEDA score (p = .212). On the 5th and 10th days after delivery, the severity of pain was significantly lower in the green tea group than in the other 2 groups (p < .0001). The mean REEDA score on the 5th and 10th days showed a better and faster healing in the green tea group compared to the other 2 groups (p < .0001). Total content of phenolic and flavonoids contents of green tea were 74.2 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent and 16.3 mg/g Rutin equivalent, respectively, and its antioxidant capacity was 46% of b-carotene. Green tea ointment appears to be effective in relieving episiotomy pain and improving wound-healing in this study. Further studies are recommended to be conducted on the effectiveness and safety of the different doses of green tea ointment.
Maternal and child health [2] Global strategy on infant and young child feeding [3] Golden key for health: Exclusive feeding with breast milk [4] Monitoring and evaluation of reproductive health [5] Prevalence of exclusive breast feeding and its determiners in the first 3 months of life in the south of Brazil [6] Factors associated with exclusive breast feeding of infants in Poland [7] Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in Accra, Ghana [8] Studies on exclusive breast feeding; A report on associated factors in an Africa population [9] Breast feeding initiation and determinants of exclusive breast feeding a questionnaire survey in urban population of western Nepal [10] Breast-feeding initiation and exclusive breast-feeding in rural Vietnam [11] Comparison of the breastfeeding patterns of mothers who delivered their babies pervagina and via cesarean section: An observational study using the LATCH breastfeeding charting system [12] Effect of delivery method and timing of breastfeeding initiation on breastfeeding outcomes in Taiwan [13] A Survey on the Pattern of Mothers' Breastfeeding in Babol [14] Barriers to timely initiation of breastfeeding among mothers of healthy full-term babies who deliver at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital [15] Factors associated with exclusive breast feeding in Japan for activities to support child rearing with breast feeding [16] Comparative study on the lactation pattern of mothers of 11-12 months old children and daughters referring to Semnan Medical Sciences Centers [17] Breast Feeding at 6 weeks and predictive factors [18] Factors adversely associated with breast feeding in Newzealand [19] Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and its related factors in infants in Zahedan in 2000-2001 [20] The reasons for failure of exclusive breast-feeding in health centers in Gorgan (1999Gorgan ( -2000 [21] Factors associated with exclusive breast feeding in children under four months old in Botu Catu-Sp, Brazil Aims Exclusive breastfeeding plays an important role in the growth and promotion of children's health in the first six months of their life. The exclusive breastfeeding has been decreasing in Iran in recent years. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors associated with the exclusive breastfeeding in Isfahan province, Iran.Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on women with infants less than 6 months of age who referred to the urban and rural health centers of Golpayegan, Isfahan and Falavarjan counties (561 people) of Isfahan province between 2007 and 2008. The data were collected using a questionnaire and interview. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 15 software and logistic regression model. Findings Most of the infants (85.6%) fed colostrum. The exclusive breastfeeding levels in the urban and rural regions were found as 25.9% and 32.4%, respectively. Delayed onset of lactation (p<0.05) and cesarean section (p<0.05) were associated with reduction in exclusive breastfeeding, while having a female gende...
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