Nasal nitric oxide measurement may be a surrogate marker of upper airway inflammation. There is, however, no standardized measurement technique; and this led us to examine measurement techniques for acceptability and reproducibility. In five subjects we examined the flow dependence of nasal NO. In 13 healthy volunteers, nasal NO was measured on-line by five methods: 1) Tidal nasal and oral breathing: NO sampling during exclusive nasal followed by exclusive oral tidal breathing; 2) Fixed flow exhalation: NO sampling during exclusive nasal followed by exclusive oral exhalation at 100 mL/second from total lung capacity; 3) Nasal-oral aspiration: air aspirated from the mouth via both nares at 100 mL/second with glottis closure; 4) Aspiration from one nares: air aspirated from one nares at 3.3 mL/second using nitric oxide analyzer sample line with velum closure; 5) Nasal Insufflation: NO sampled at one nares as air insufflated into the other nares at a flow of 100 mL/second with velum closure. Acceptability of all methods was assessed by subjects and technicians. Nasal NO concentration showed a significant inverse correlation with transnasal flow rate. All methods showed excellent reproducibility as assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient except tidal breathing, which showed highly variable breath-to-breath NO levels, although mean breath values were reproducible. Mean nasal NO concentrations with methods 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 32.1, 50.2, 62.8, 1381, and 60.0 ppb, respectively. Velum closure was not always achieved in methods 4 and 5, whereas methods 1 and 2 required separate nasal and oral procedures. Method 5 had reduced acceptability. NO concentrations were similar with methods that used the same airflow (2, 3, and 5). Nasal NO can be sampled in different ways with excellent reproducibility. In view of the flow dependence of nasal NO, it is vital to use a constant flow rate, and lower airway NO contribution must be excluded or subtracted. The fixed flow exhalation appears to be the preferred method as it is highly reproducible and acceptable.
Permissive hypercapnia because of reduced tidal volume is associated with improved survival in lung injury, whereas therapeutic hypercapnia-deliberate elevation of arterial PCO 2 -protects against in vivo reperfusion injury and injury produced by severe lung stretch. No published studies to date have examined the effects of CO 2 on in vivo models of neonatal lung injury. We used an established in vivo rabbit model of surfactant depletion to investigate whether therapeutic hypercapnia would improve oxygenation and protect against ventilator-induced lung injury. Animals were randomized to injurious (tidal volume, 12 mL/kg; positive end-expiratory pressure, 0 cm H 2 O) or protective ventilatory strategy (tidal volume, 5 mL/kg; positive end-expiratory pressure, 12.5 cm H 2 O), and to receive either control conditions or therapeutic hypercapnia (fraction of inspired CO 2 , 0.12). Oxygenation (alveolar-arterial O 2 difference, arterial PO 2 ), lung injury (alveolar-capillary protein leak, impairment of static compliance), and selected bronchoalveolar lavage and plasma cytokines (IL-8, growth-related oncogene, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-␣) were measured. Injurious ventilation resulted in a large alveolar-arterial O 2 gradient, elevated peak airway pressure, increased protein leak, and impaired lung compliance. Therapeutic hypercapnia did not affect any of these outcomes. Tumor necrosis factor-␣ was not increased by mechanical stretch in any of the groups. Therapeutic hypercapnia abolished the stretch-induced increase in bronchoalveolar lavage monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, but did not affect any of the other mediators studied. Therapeutic hypercapnia may attenuate the impairment in oxygenation and inhibit certain cytokines. Because hypercapnia inhibits certain cytokines but does not alter lung injury, the pathogenic role of these cytokines in lung injury is questionable. Mechanical ventilation is central to neonatal and pediatric critical care. Limiting V t during mechanical ventilation in the setting of acute lung injury results in several important effects, including elevation of PaCO 2 (1, 2), alteration of lung inflammatory events (3), decreased duration of mechanical ventilation (4), and improved survival (5). Although the associations among these effects are clear, the mechanistic relationships are uncertain. Lung stretch is associated with a complex series of pulmonary and systemic events, including neutrophil recruitment (6) and release of inflammatory prostanoids (7,8) and cytokines (9 -11) as well as morphologic injury (6,12).Alterations in CO 2 tension may be important in this paradigm for several reasons (13
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