Lenin spoke at the Second Congress of 1920 to multiple audiences. In continuity with the First International, he spoke in the utopian language of Bolshevism, of the successful revolutionary proletariat that had taken the state and was making its place in history without the intercession of bourgeois class rule. Recognizing the limits of socialism in one country surrounded by the military and economic might of “World imperialism,” however, Lenin also pressed for a broader, ongoing world-historic anti-imperialism in alliance with the oppressed of the East, who, it seemed, were neither sufficiently proletarianized, nor, as yet, subjects of history. There are many ways to situate this particular moment in Lenin's thought. One can see the budding conceits of Marxist social history, or “history from below,” in which millions in the East could become historical subjects under the sign of “anti-imperialism.” One can also see this gesture to those outside the pale as a flourish of the emergent Soviet empire, and as a projection of anxieties about Bolshevik control over a vast and varied Russian countryside with its own internal enemies. But Lenin also spoke to audiences who would make up the next, Third International, like the Indian Marxist M. N. Roy, who saw imperialism dividing the world into oppressed and oppressor nations. For this Third Worldist audience, looking increasingly to the new Soviet Union for material and military support for “national self-determination,” Lenin extends the historic mission of a future world socialism.
The relationship between Geography and Area Studies remains fraught but crucial, as it highlights at least three imperatives we cannot do without: to decolonize disciplinary Geography, to forge more egalitarian and sustainable relations of knowledge production and to foreground enduring differences of life ‘elsewhere’ represented in novel forms. I argue that these imperatives require an Area Studies ethos, and that the longer Geography as we know it remains aloof from such imperatives, its days as an art or science of broader value are numbered.
A statistical study of the effects of the solar cycle, as indicated by the value of F10.7, has been made utilizing a data base of electrostatic shocks and the associated ion beams, ion conics, and electron distributions obtained by the S3-3 satellite during the rising phase of the solar cycle. Ion composition was not included since the ion detectors utilized for this study did not determine mass. The acceleration of ions in association with electrostatic shocks is strongly dependent on F10.7 at altitudes of-2000 -8000 km. For low F10.7 (<80), -43% of the shocks were associated with conics and -43% with beams, whereas for high F10.7 (100-225), -18% of the shocks were associated with beams and -64% with conics. This difference was observed for essentially all magnetic local times and altitudes except the period from 0000 -0600 MLT. These results suggest that parallel potential drops are less common at altitudes below 8000 km during solar maximum than during solar minimum. However, for the events where ion beams were observed, the average parallel potential drop below the satellite (as determined from the peak ion energy) had very similar values, and approximately half of the potential occurred below the satellite altitude for both high and low F10.7. The observations described hereinare consistent with the increased occurrence frequency of O + conics during high F10.7 observed by Yau et al. (1985) in the DE-1 data. 17,903 tributions, Y. Geephys. Res., 93, 7441, 1988. Torbert, R. B., and F. S. Mozer, Electrostatic shocks as the source of discrete auroral arcs, Geephys. Res. Lett., 5, 135, 1978. Witt, E., and W. Lotko, Ion-acoustic solitary waves in a magnetized plasma with arbitrary electron equation of state, Phys. Fluids, 26, 2176, 1983. term (solar cycle) and seasonal variations of upfiowing ionospheric ion events at DE-1 altitudes, Y. Geephys. Res., 90, 6395, 1985. Young, D. T., H. Balsiger, and 9. Geiss, Correlations of magnetospheric ion composition with geomag•tic and solar activity, Y. Geephys. Res., 87, 9077, 1982.
Ethnography is like much else in the social sciences … It is a multi-dimensional exercise, a coproduction of social fact and sociological imagining, a delicate engagement of the inductive with the deductive, of the real with the virtual, of the already-known with the surprising, of verbs with nouns, processes with products, of the phenomenological with the political. (Comaroff and Comaroff, 2003: 172) Forgotten places … have experienced the abandonment characteristic of contemporary capitalist and neoliberal state reorganization … [H]ow can people who inhabit forgotten places scale up their activism from intensely localized struggles to something less atomized and therefore possessed of a significant capacity for self-determination? How do they set and fulfill agendas for life-affirming social change-whether by seizing control of the social wage or by other means?
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